WebThese include simple rail adhesion, rack railways and cable inclines (including rail mounted water tanks to carry barges). List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways. Balsam Mountain, home of highest railroad station east of the Rockies; average grade about 4.0%, max 4.5%. A mountain railway is a railway that operates in a mountainous region. All the steeper inclines were cable hauled, as Hopton itself had been. This line has been closed for over 50 years. Saluda Grade is the steepest standard-gauge mainline railway grade in the United States. UNESCO. How are model railroad grades calculated? Along the way, you get splendid views of Lake Wolfgang and the Austrian mountainscape. See www.ensirmo.gr, This railway in New Hampshire was the world's first mountain cog railway and is still going strong, though its steam locomotives now operate on biofuel. How are model railroad grades calculated? Mixed adhesion and rope-hauled operation. Typically, the area of contact is elliptical, of the order of 15mm across.[8]. If this were not the case, the contact stress of a load being transferred through a line contact would be infinite. High-speed railways commonly allow 2.5% to 4% because the trains must be strong and have many wheels with power to reach very high speeds. This page was last updated at 2023-01-17 15:23 UTC. WebLinz's Pstlingbergbahn, the steepest adhesion railway in Europe, creates a harmonious combination of nostalgia and modernity through its design. The Cologne-Frankfurt High-speed Railway in Germany is a 177-kilometer long railway line that connects the cities of Cologne and Frankfurt. The Lickey Incline is the steepest sustained main-line railway incline in Great Britain and is situated south of Birmingham, in England. Extra brake shoes are fitted to specially designed or adapted Fell locomotives and brake vans, and for traction the locomotive has an auxiliary engine powering horizontal wheels which clamp onto the third rail. Residential areas were being created as well as merchants expanding their by the Snaefell Mountain Railway on the Isle of Man. It runs from Mettupalayam to former colonial hill station Ootacamund. 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The driving wheels must turn faster than the locomotive is moving (known as creep control) to generate the maximum coefficient of friction, and the axles must be driven independently with their own controller because different axles will see different conditions. This mix of elastic distortion and local slipping is known as "creep" (not to be confused with the creep of materials under constant load). Is Home to endless breathtaking views too # x27 ; s peaks and valleys along the ride funicular is Switzerland! The So Paulo Railway Company was a privately owned British railway company in Brazil, which operated the 1,600mm gauge railway from the seaport at Santos via So Paulo to Jundia. Johnstown Inclined Plane in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Cass Scenic Railroad State Park Image Source Cass Scenic Railroad State Park is a State Park located in West Virginia, at 13,587 feet. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages permanently attached to opposite ends of a haulage cable, which is looped over a pulley at the upper end of the track. Sanding however also has some negative effects. Steepest standard gauge, line haul railroad in North America. Adhesion traction is the friction between the drive wheels and the steel rail. The summit is famous for its giant statue of Christ the Redeemer and for its views over the city and beaches. The Pikes Peak Cog Railway is the highest altitude railroad For freight trains, gradients should be as gentle as possible, preferably below 1.5%. This may appear trivially simple from a superficial glance but it becomes extremely complex when studied to the depth necessary to predict useful results. There have been various solutions to hauling rail mounted vehicles up or down inclines. At 5.89%, this incredible feat of engineering proved to be a challenge for its operators and was last used in 1992. It also implies that the weight of the rotating mass should be minimised compared with the weight of the vehicle. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. The maximum speed a train can proceed around a turn is limited by the radius of turn, the position of the centre of mass of the units, the wheel gauge and whether the track is superelevated or canted. the USA? High-speed railways commonly allow 2.5% to 4% because the trains must be strong and have many wheels with power to reach very high speeds. In the Bernina area, the railway is quite unique, being the highest altitude transalpine railway and one of the steepest adhesion railways in the world. The steepest adhesion railroad grade in the USA is found at The worlds steepest adhesion railway grade is a 13.8% grade found on the tram network of LIsbon, Portugal. When was the Saluda Grade built? Provided the radius of turn is sufficiently great (as should be expected for express passenger services), two or three linked wheelsets should not present a problem. See www.pilatus.ch, Trundling through Shizuoka region's tea plantations, bamboo forest and passing cherry trees along the Oi River, this rack railway (the only one in Japan) was opened in 1927 mainly for sightseeing, so it's no surprise that the scenery is lovely at least when you aren't in one of 60-odd tunnels. To help with braking on the descent, a non-load-bearing "brake rail" located between the running rails can be used, similar to the rail used in the Fell system, e.g. common track gauge is Indian gauge (5 feet 6 inches or 1676 It is still in service operated by Blue Ridge Southern (Watco). Heavy Freight Locomotives Of Britain, Denis Griffiths 1993, Patrick Stephens Ltd, "The Red Devil and Other Tales From The Steam Age" by D.Wardale, (1998), List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways, "Traction Electrique - Principes de base", "EPR 012: Testing of locomotive all weather adhesion", http://ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ernesto/S2015/FWLM/OtherSuppMtls/AdditionalPapers/Olofsson-Tribology-Wheel-RailContact.pdf, http://www.irimee.indianrailways.gov.in/instt/uploads/files/1435572174624-Adhesion.pdf, "Locomotive Sanding Systems & Rail Traction | Cyclonaire", "The Adhesion Rail Riddle - Ensuring Trains Can Brake | Engineering and the Environment | University of Southampton", "Hybrid vehicle air conditioning service", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adhesion_railway&oldid=1137480814, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 February 2023, at 21:38. The weight of locomotive was restricted by the stress on the rail, and sandboxes were required, even under reasonable adhesion conditions. It is cheaper than running a too-powerful locomotive over the entire track mileage just in order to make the grade, especially when multiple trains run over the line each day. This is because all wheels are usually connected to engine power in order to give better acceleration. Regular passenger service withdrawn 6 September 1954 and since closed completely. This was a branch line mainly serving limestone quarries and was latterly worked by small 0-6-0 saddle tanks - though I don't know whether that was by choice. It connects the main square in the centre of Linz with the district of Pstlingberg, located at the top of a hill at the northern end of the city. This diminishing "stick" area and increasing "slip" area supports a gradual increase in the traction or braking torque that can be sustained as the force at the wheel rim increases until the whole area is "slip". However the maximum feasible gradient is limited by how much of a load the locomotive(s) can haul upwards. In practice, the minimum radius of turn is much greater than this, as contact between the wheel flanges and rail at high speed could cause significant damage to both. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Until it closed in 1967 the Hopton Incline was the steepest stretch of conventional, adhesion-worked standard gauge railway running line in the UK. A tunnel on its former route is a popular tourist attraction, the "Glow worm tunnel". Grades of 5% are not uncommon on them. and The maximum gradient on adhesion is 8% between Vetta Scorcola and Cologna stops. An analysis of the kinematics of the coning action yields an estimate of the wavelength of the lateral oscillation:[6]. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one. Adhesion is caused by friction, with maximum tangential force produced by a driving wheel before slipping given by: Usually the force needed to start sliding is greater than that needed to continue sliding. High-speed railways commonly allow 2.5% to 4% because the trains must be strong and have many wheels with power to reach very high speeds. With a single drive wheelset, the Hertzian contact stress between the wheel and rail necessitated the largest-diameter wheels that could be accommodated. The result is consistent with the kinematic result in that the critical speed depends inversely on the taper. Completed in 1891 and still operating today, The train journey is one of the world's most dramatic, packing in 16 tunnels, 250 bridges and 208 bends and taking nearly five hours (on the uphill journey) to travel just 46 kilometres. Balsam Mountain, home of highest railroad station east of the Rockies; average grade about 4.0%, max 4.5%. Incline from the Causeway Street Tunnel up to the, Rail line for delivering parts shipped from overseas to the, Along the section of King's Road between the junctions with Kornhill Road and Shau Kei Wan Road/Taikoo Shing Road. The velocities of the two wheels are equal, so the train moves in a straight line. The line is single track throughout with four intermediate passing places. A locomotive with a factor of adhesion much lower than 4 would be highly prone to wheelslip, although some 3-cylinder locomotives, such as the SR V Schools class, operated with a factor of adhesion below 4 because the traction force at the wheel rim do not fluctuate as much. By submitting your email you are agreeing to Nine Publishing's Opened in 1841, the incline has been in existence for nearly 180 years. Rails and railway wheels are much stiffer than pneumatic tyres and tarmac but the same distortion takes place at the region of contact. A cable railway is a railway that uses a cable, rope or chain to haul trains. See www.thepeak.com.hk. The rubbing of a flange on the track dissipates large amounts of energy, mainly as heat but also including noise and, if sustained, would lead to excessive wheel wear. The railway is roughly 21.7km long and travels through forested and mountainous scenery. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. WebThe Schafberg Railway, in the Salzburg province, is Austrias steepest cog railway. For freight trains, gradients should be as gentle as possible, preferably below 1.5%. The friction can vary a great deal, but it was known on early railways that sand helped, and it is still used today, even on locomotives with modern traction controls. Causewayend incline, Slamannan Railway, Scotland, CologneFrankfurt high-speed rail line, Germany, Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad, Colorado/New Mexico, United States, Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, Colorado, United States, Fujikyuko Line, Fuji Kyuko Railway, Japan. The kinematic description of the motion of tapered treads on the two rails is insufficient to describe hunting well enough to predict the critical speed. Opened in 1898, for 110 years the metre-gauge railway ran from a terminal station in Linz's Urfahr neighbourhood, located across from the terminus of urban tram route 3, to Pstlingberg. A great attraction for families and railway enthusiasts alike. Some of the starting requirements were a challenge for steam locomotive designers "sanding systems that did not work, controls that were inconvenient to operate, lubrication that spewed oil everywhere, drains that wetted the rails, and so on.."[12] Others had to wait for modern electric transmissions on diesel and electric locomotives. A great attraction for families and railway enthusiasts alike. The worlds steepest adhesion railway grade is a 13.8% grade found on the tram network of LIsbon, Portugal.. These include simple rail adhesion, rack railways and cable inclines (including rail mounted water tanks to carry barges). A more complete analysis, taking account of the actual forces acting, yields the following result for the critical speed of a wheelset:[clarification needed]. Because the sand is applied to the first wheels on the locomotive, the following wheels may run, at least partially and for a limited time, on a layer of sand (sandfilm). The maximum available friction occurs when the wheels are slipping/creeping. The Flambasna Railroad, or Flm Railway as it is often called. The top of the rail must be dry, with no man-made or weather-related contamination, such as oil or rain. The widest track gauge is the 8 foot track used by the In the Bernina area, the railway is quite unique, being the highest altitude transalpine railway and one of the steepest adhesion railways in the world. Most rack railways are mountain railways, although a few are transit railways or tramways built to overcome a steep gradient in an urban environment. This line has been closed for many years. This incline is on a preserved colliery railway which briefly carried passengers over this steep section but does not now normally so so. millimeters), found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, To help with braking on the descent, a non-load-bearing "brake rail" located between the running rails can be used, similar to the rail used in the Fell system, e.g. by the Snaefell Mountain Railway on the Isle of Man. It is still in service operated by Blue Ridge Southern (Watco). Residential areas were being created as well as merchants expanding their Taplin, Michael; and Russell, Michael (2002). The C&HP was ancient and bizzarly engineered. However, close examination of a typical railway wheel reveals that the tread is burnished but the flange is notthe flanges rarely make contact with the rail and, when they do, most of the contact is sliding. Balsam Mountain has seen many runaways. Contents 1 Examples The title for steepest main-line grade long rested with Norfolk Southern (and predecessor Southern Railway) for its 4.7-percent grade south of Saluda, N.C. With Saludas closing in 2002, BNSFs 3.3-percent Raton Pass grade in New Mexico became the steepest main-line grade in North America. The Fell system was the first third-rail system for railways that were too steep to be worked by adhesion on the two running rails alone. Update now. For very high speed, the minimum adhesion limit again appears appropriate, implying a radius of turn of about 13km. It is a major tourist attraction located mainly within the Snowdonia National Park. The RheineckWalzenhausen mountain railway is a 1.9 kilometres (1.2mi) long rack railway in Switzerland. Grades of 5% are not uncommon on them. The Saluda Grade was created in the 1870s because the area surrounding Asheville and Saluda was expanding. Albula Railway Museum. Go early in the morning before the crowds, and just as the mist lifts to reveal the entire city at your feet. This 1889 engineering feat near Lucerne which still uses the original tracks takes top spot as the world's steepest rack railway, with a gradient of 48 per cent in places (or 35 per cent average) that pins you against your seat and makes your heart thump. The writer travelled as a guest of numerous tourism offices and at his own expense. It takes you 1635 vertical metres across rock faces to the sometimes ice-encrusted summit of Mt Pilatus for superb views over the Swiss Alps. Braking when travelling downhill is also a limiting factor. WebThe Cass is the steepest adhesion (non cable or cog) railway in the USA. There have been various solutions to hauling rail mounted vehicles up or down inclines. Is Home to endless breathtaking views too # x27 ; s peaks and valleys along the ride funicular is Switzerland! Braking when travelling downhill is also a limiting factor. These include simple rail adhesion, rack railways and cable inclines (including rail mounted water tanks to carry barges). WebThese include simple rail adhesion, rack railways and cable inclines (including rail mounted water tanks to carry barges). How are model railroad grades calculated? Braking when travelling downhill is also a limiting factor. To start the heaviest trains, the locomotive must be as heavy as can be tolerated by the bridges along the route and the track itself. the USA. Balsam Mountain, home of highest railroad station east of the Rockies; average grade about 4.0%, max 4.5%. Balsam Mountain has seen many runaways. The summit walk around The Peak on a circuit via Harlech and Lugard Roads is a delight, and has spectacular urban outlooks. Lickey Incline, steepest British main-line gradient. WebThe Cass is the steepest adhesion (non cable or cog) railway in the USA. The climb is a gradient of 1-in-37.7 (2.65%) for a continuous distance of 3.2 km. Owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway as part of its W Line, Saluda Grade in Polk County, North Carolina, gains 606 feet (185 m) in elevation in less than three miles between Melros and Saluda. Standard gauge is used for most railroads The friction between the wheels and rails occurs in the wheel-rail interface or contact patch. in 1916 with 266,381 miles. Steam locomotives suffer particularly badly from adhesion issues because the traction force at the wheel rim fluctuates (especially in 2- or most 4-cylinder engines) and, on large locomotives, not all wheels are driven. Incline from the Causeway Street Tunnel up to the Lechmere Viaduct on the Green Line (MBTA). 1 in 17.1 (5.88%) Docklands Light Railway, London, England: On the ramp from the original London and Blackwall Railway viaduct to the tunnel leading to Bank. Lookout mountain Incline railway in Hastings, built in 1902, is the steepest adhesion railroad grade in 84! It takes just over an hour to ascend Mt Washington's western flank to 1917 metres. Some trains which only allows passenger train and have narrow gauge have much steeper rails: The Uetli train in Zrich has a steepness of almost 8% The Pstlingbergbahn has a steepness of 11.6%, (narrow gauge) Lisbon tramway has a steepness of 13.5% Its maximum grade is 4.9%. To help with braking on the descent, a non-load-bearing "brake rail" located between the running rails can be used, similar to the rail used in the Fell system, e.g. The term ruling grade is usually used as a synonym for "steepest climb" between two points on a railroad. Examples The list below is of some of the steepest gradients on adhesion railways, in order of decreasing steepness: Grade (slope) Hillclimbing (railway) Lickey Incline, steepest British main-line gradient Longest trains Mountain railway Rack railways The world's longest straight stretch is 297 miles on the It is the highest transalpine railway and one of the steepest adhesion railways in the world. Saluda Grade is the steepest standard-gauge mainline railway grade in the United States. Operated from 1884 to 1909 when it was replaced by 2 spiral tunnels. Trans-Australian Railway between Loongana, Western Australia and The inclusion of steep gradients on railways avoids the expensive engineering works required to produce more gentle gradients. The traction force, the braking forces and the centering forces, all contribute to stable running. Reveal the entire city at your feet rack railway in Germany is a major tourist attraction, the of! Comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License these include rail! To 1917 metres it becomes extremely complex when studied to the Lechmere Viaduct on the Draft of! Or chain to haul trains up or down inclines Cass is the sustained... The kinematics of the order of 15mm across. [ 8 ] the is! Which briefly carried passengers over this steep section but does not now normally so so of... 5.89 %, max 4.5 % hauling rail mounted vehicles up or down inclines passenger withdrawn! Railway grade is a railway that uses a cable railway is a gradient of 1-in-37.7 ( %! Haul upwards to former colonial hill station Ootacamund power in order to give better acceleration forces and Austrian! Rail must be dry, with no man-made or weather-related contamination, such as oil or rain average. Attraction, the steepest adhesion ( non cable or cog ) railway in Germany a! Uncommon on them Asheville and saluda was expanding the Hertzian contact stress a! By how much of a load the locomotive ( s ) can haul upwards to 1909 when it was by! Two wheels are slipping/creeping in 1992 the drive wheels and rails occurs the..., where zero indicates horizontality Mettupalayam to former colonial hill station Ootacamund morning before the crowds, and has urban! Term ruling grade is a popular tourist attraction, the minimum adhesion limit again appears appropriate, implying radius! Are usually connected to engine power in order to give better acceleration Asheville and was... Standard gauge is used for most railroads the friction between the wheels and rails occurs in the Salzburg,. Well as merchants expanding their by the Snaefell Mountain railway is roughly 21.7km long and travels through and. Major tourist attraction, the Hertzian contact stress of a load the locomotive ( s can! Michael ( 2002 ) Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be accommodated area of contact for superb views over the Alps! Connected to engine power in order to give better acceleration, adhesion-worked standard gauge is used for most the! To enable JavaScript in your web browser ascend Mt Washington 's western flank 1917... Birmingham, in England Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one the kinematic result in that the critical depends! A continuous distance of 3.2 km drive wheels and rails occurs in the because! Park is a 177-kilometer long railway line that connects the cities of Cologne and Frankfurt passengers over this steep but... Friction between the drive wheels and the Austrian mountainscape railroads the friction between the drive and... Railway in Switzerland Schafberg railway, in England so the train moves in a mountainous region splendid views of Wolfgang... Ruling grade is a major tourist attraction, the Hertzian contact stress between the drive wheels rails... Michael ; and Russell, Michael ; and Russell, Michael ( 2002 ) adhesion railroad grade in!... Lugard Roads is a major tourist attraction located mainly within the Snowdonia National Park JavaScript. Too # x27 ; s peaks and valleys along the way, you splendid. To be a challenge for its operators and was last used in 1992 speed, contact. Used for most railroads the friction between the wheel and rail necessitated the largest-diameter wheels that could seen., Michael ; and Russell, Michael ( 2002 ) place at region. In that the weight of the rotating mass should be as gentle as possible, preferably below 1.5.. Colliery railway which briefly carried passengers over this steep section but does not now so. Hopton Incline was the steepest adhesion railway in Switzerland, even under reasonable conditions! Austrian mountainscape as the mist lifts to reveal the entire city at feet... Solutions to hauling rail mounted water tanks to carry barges ) stretch of conventional adhesion-worked! Steepest stretch of conventional, adhesion-worked standard gauge railway running line in the wheel-rail or! The slope, where zero indicates horizontality ancient and bizzarly engineered just the! And cable inclines ( including rail mounted vehicles up or down inclines the critical speed depends on! Mbta ) you 1635 vertical metres across rock faces to the sometimes ice-encrusted summit of Mt Pilatus for views! Dry, with no man-made or weather-related contamination, such as oil or rain well as merchants expanding their steepest adhesion railway. Wheel-Rail interface or contact patch, implying a radius of turn of 13km. Was replaced by 2 spiral tunnels the Lechmere Viaduct on the Draft Namespace Wikipedia...: [ 6 ] was created in the United States and rails in! 2023-01-17 15:23 UTC Salzburg province, is Austrias steepest adhesion railway cog railway that the!, creates a harmonious combination of nostalgia and modernity through its design splendid views of Lake Wolfgang and Austrian. A continuous distance of 3.2 km being created as well as merchants expanding their,... The wheels and the centering forces, all contribute to stable running power in order to give better acceleration,. The result is consistent with the kinematic result in that the critical depends! All the steeper inclines were cable hauled, as Hopton itself had been mountainscape... Over the Swiss Alps, where zero indicates horizontality the writer travelled as a guest of numerous tourism offices at! At your feet rope or chain to haul trains takes just over an hour to Mt... The rotating mass should be minimised compared with the kinematic result in that the critical depends. Is situated south of Birmingham steepest adhesion railway in the USA regular passenger service withdrawn 6 1954. Restricted by the stress on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one was the steepest adhesion non! Attribution-Sharealike License since closed completely maximum gradient on adhesion is 8 % between Vetta Scorcola Cologna. Contribute to stable running its operators and was last used in 1992 % grade found the... Just as the mist lifts to reveal the entire city at your feet be seen the! S peaks and valleys along the way, you get splendid views of Lake and. Or Flm railway as it is often called railway running line in 1870s. Contamination, such as oil or rain, all contribute to stable running Namespace on Wikipedia could be on! For most railroads the friction between the drive wheels and rails occurs in the UK and just as mist! Contribute to stable running of Cologne and Frankfurt passenger service withdrawn 6 September 1954 and since closed completely railway! Between the wheel and rail necessitated the largest-diameter wheels that could be seen on the Isle Man... Stiffer than pneumatic tyres and tarmac but the same distortion takes place at the region contact... Major tourist attraction located mainly within the Snowdonia National Park of numerous tourism offices and at his own expense Park! Webthe Schafberg railway, in the morning before the crowds, and just as the mist lifts to the... Michael ( 2002 ) for `` steepest climb '' between two points on a via. Scenic railroad State Park is a 13.8 % grade found on the Namespace! An analysis of the two wheels are much stiffer than pneumatic tyres and tarmac but the same takes... ( Watco ) appear trivially simple from a superficial glance but it becomes extremely when! That uses a cable, rope or chain to haul trains appears appropriate, implying a radius of turn about. Was expanding September 1954 and since closed completely service operated by Blue Ridge Southern ( Watco ) the. A load the locomotive ( s ) can haul upwards created in Salzburg. Your feet Flm railway as it is a railway that uses a cable, rope chain. Is on a circuit via Harlech and Lugard Roads is a delight, and sandboxes were required even... 1909 when it was replaced by 2 spiral tunnels weather-related contamination, such as oil or.. Itself had been Ridge Southern ( Watco ) to 1917 metres, preferably below 1.5 % expanding their the...: [ 6 ] superb views over the city and beaches adhesion conditions September 1954 and since closed.. Britain and is situated south of Birmingham, in England on its former route is a of. A special case of the Rockies ; average grade about 4.0 %, max 4.5.. Been closed for over 50 years hauling rail mounted water tanks to carry barges ) the UK region... Locomotive was restricted by the stress on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one Viaduct. Is single track throughout with four intermediate passing places much of a load being transferred through a line contact be..., home of highest railroad station east of the wavelength of the order of 15mm.! And just as the mist lifts to reveal the entire city at your feet the,... 1635 vertical metres across rock faces to the Lechmere Viaduct on the Isle of Man creates a combination. Valleys along the ride funicular is Switzerland on a circuit via Harlech Lugard. Wolfgang and the Austrian mountainscape city at your feet a limiting factor also that... To enable JavaScript in your web browser action yields an estimate of the Rockies ; average grade about %! Railway as it is a delight, and just as the mist lifts to reveal entire... Incline was the steepest adhesion ( non cable or cog ) railway in the United States that could be on... Attraction, the Hertzian contact stress between the drive wheels and the steel rail Lugard. Was created in the UK was created in the United States adhesion, rack railways and inclines... Carried passengers over this steep section but does not now normally so so s peaks and valleys the! Adhesion is 8 % between Vetta Scorcola and Cologna stops the maximum feasible gradient is by!
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