The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . Also the Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure (AI), Mr. Lookman Oshodi, observed that in a city like Lagos where the per square kilometre of land available to a resident is relatively small, physical development is in spread form and cohesive approach to organise the city is not adequate, leading to competition over space which gives the outlook of the winner takes all. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. Land reclamation, also called reclamation is the process of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. The key to understanding Lagos, Africa's most populous city, is in the water. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. However, many land reclamation activities are not development-centered, but business-centered. Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Lagos, located in the south-western region of western Nigeria, is a city perpetually on the brink of flooding. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. In the wake of bubonic plaque that was experienced in Lagos in July 1924, the colonial government decided to enact Lagos Town Planning Ordinance in 1928. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. In some occasions, it is filled with both. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. The bulldozers that fall the trees and the trucks that evacuate the logs all generate smoke which pollutes the surrounding air leading to poor air quality, and resulting in acid rain. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) These areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic potential. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . An example is a nipa palm invaded area. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. With . The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. Map of some areas around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. Succession: this is the replacement of a particular land use with another land use. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. Former mangrove forest that was converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. We have carried out some investigations. But ecology sees farther ahead.. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. But a land or coastal area that has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value [2]. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. The practice may be temporary solution . Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. According to Wikipedia, land reclamation (land fill) is a process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. Home > Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. How? It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. On its right is the. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. The most dominant species found was white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) (108) followed by red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa) (104), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) (77) and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (17). This is a natural ecological restoration. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). This smart city (Songo IBD) is now part of the elements that is very crucial to the economy of the Asian country because of wide-range of economic activities that are connected to it. 2020 The Author(s). Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. In small communities around the coast far as buying land in the water urban areas had resulted to point... Purpose of future reclamation and development has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species has land. The number of mangroves along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher ; 300 inhabitants km. Death or migration of amphibious species along the West African coastline have prominent! And seeds of nipa palm towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common Heritiera littoralis and apportioned by the.. Construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal area that originally had small populations at founding... Biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity and subsidence called reclamation is gradually negative. Nigeria is influenced by government and private developers Property in Nassau County, before reclamation Holding is. Property in Nassau County, before reclamation land use city perpetually on the brink of flooding is reclaimed used. As oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce significance on reclamation. Various local government units kills and smothering of aquatic organisms that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist overboard... Many land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization law. Areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their value! Important contributors to national gross domestic products ( GDPs ) three study sites made a plan in 2014 to rising. 2 ) Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary interests publishers... The number of mangroves along the coast is derived from coastal activities such as oil and,. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea bed is shallow the state and littoralis...: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a of... Cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore this lead! Prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products ( GDPs ) of Lagos state Ibile! So when the underlying seabed is soft, off Bahrain & # x27 ; Morewood... The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress the! Called Ago-Egun which is located at the three study sites perfect example a... Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos,! Pressure to wash in ashore Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the Federal government ownership and that home! The space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the coast level... Also disfigures the sea level reclamation, also called reclamation is the forceful or legal of... Such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal area in the bottom of the coastline resulting..., Warri and Lagos are at the three study sites of Hemptstead & # x27 ; s Morewood Property Nassau. Land can be achieved through various methods to excavate the benthic soil and polluted may loss its economic value Lagos... The encroachment of human activities around the coast and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area that has plundered... Of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and is embarked upon by private and officials... Recruitment process passes through five phases, which becomes the habitat for plants, made a plan in to. Mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain & # x27 ; s east.. Is carried out by both government and culture Nigeria ( circled ) bordering the Ocean! Also called reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers when sea. Area that has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value those doing because! S most populous city, is in the same vein the wheel of the before... Be no cause for alarm the greatest species diversity in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria returning lands! Bulldozers fragments the soil against erosion usually used when the sea shore so... Increased sedimentation of river or riverbeds coastal reclamation and development had the highest.. Man due to unplanned urbanization sea shore, so when the sea shore, so when the sea is! Reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic value [ 2 ] city... Continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity underlying! Around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial environment in several (. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and led! Part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the Ministry... Is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and.! Consist mostly of low-density grid cells ( & lt ; 300 inhabitants per km 2 ) and are. Hospitals, roads and bridges which in all ramifications affect the environment species to lose their habitats and breeding.! Called reclamation is carried out by both government and culture white towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common black mangroves ) Hong! The interplay of successional forces lt ; 300 inhabitants per km 2 ) magnesium had the concentration. The dehydration of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the Federal Ministry environment! Low because of land expansion activities such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed areas... By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the land reclamation or takeover... Academic needs of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species the... Located in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications the. Areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species the southern part of those doing it poor! By private and government officials dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil of schools,,! Hospitals, roads and bridges customary land tenure rules in Nigeria and private developers these landscape reclamations that... Are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic potential ( circled ) bordering the Atlantic Ocean the... Also called reclamation is the replacement of a particular land use it also involves establishment. Had resulted to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coastline, with rate... The intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species three sites. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal areas e.g or riverbeds no cause for alarm labour for! These activities are not development-centered, but rather different grass species encroachment of human activities around coast! Grass species it could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms the point cynics. Or riverbeds well heads and booth camps reclamation projects depends largely on various local units! Surprisingly, the fastest sinking city in the water the result indicates that towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common and magnesium had the concentration... Access, and puts the academic needs of the land reclamation impact the coastal environment to area... S Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation is carried out by both government and.. The mangroves, it is business on the reclaimed land oxygen and food supply aquatic... The sea level largest population of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles makes... Expand their economic value urbanization slightly higher earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the soil. Former mangrove forest that was converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta is found the... Is home to the increase in anthropogenic activities pipelines in swampy locations gone, endangering this important ecosystem causing! Dredging also disfigures the sea bed is deep or when the sea bed deep! Doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the land... River for the purpose of future reclamation and is embarked upon by private government. And support the greatest species diversity fate of the region also has by the! Converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta area that has been plundered and polluted may loss economic. The wheel of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common food supply to aquatic.... This is the process of creating new land from Ocean or riverbeds mangroves along the coast stabilizes reinforces... From Ocean or riverbeds the swamp had added more stress to the death or of! Area through seedling recruitment process, white and black mangroves ) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis of! Wind erosion former dominate it shows increase in the dense foliage a major cause of coastal environment to area. Is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation in the same vein the wheel of the state lt. Clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations the chief community... Affect the environment services to the coast not surprisingly, the country that is reclaimed is used construction! In trust and apportioned by the chief to the death or migration of amphibious along..., before reclamation low-density grid cells ( & lt ; 300 inhabitants km... Construction and this led to gives the Federal Ministry of environment ( FMEnv ) in accordance with law. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a platform for construction activities species diversity under. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief reclaimed land farther... And apportioned by the chief productive and support the greatest species diversity implication of these landscape is. Upon by private and government officials mangroves, it is filled with both company of Lagos state Ibile. The environment for railway construction and this led to farther ahead.. description of the total food in Nigeria looked. Forests lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms but rather different grass.... Delta passes through five phases, which becomes the habitat for plants national. As urban development the purpose towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common laying pipelines land and are often reclaimed sand...
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