socialist countries in africa

The party inherited many of the Communist Partys socialist policies including the Marxism-Leninism ideology. Communist countries, such as China, North Korea, and Cuba, tend toward socialism, while Western European countries favor capitalist economies and try to chart a middle course. Formerly a MarxistLeninist state, turned into a multi-party system. Copyright The African Exponent. [] The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings". Section 1, Article 6: "The aim of the state is the realization of socialism through the application of social justice which forbids any form of exploitation". Like African socialism, though, scientific socialism in Africa was more tolerant of religion, and the agricultural basis of African economies meant that the policies of scientific socialists could not be that different than those of African socialist. Laos is another socialist country in Asia. Equating capitalism with colonialism, Africas nationalist leaders rejected it and adopted socialism in the 1960s. He was overthrown in 1966. There are not and never were there, any such countries anywhere in the world as socialism is an advanced post-capitalist society. Section 1, Article 1: "The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is a socialist state founded on the firm alliance of the workers, farmers and intelligentsia, with the working class as its head". . Thompsell, Angela. Governments became increasingly authoritarian because of such accumulated and consolidated power. Exploitation and Suppression of the Peasant Majority. Guinea became independent in far more difficult conditions. The leaders of these countries believed socialism offered their best chance to overcome the many obstacles these . Ghana quickly became heavily indebted, and Nkrumah became increasingly intolerant of criticism. Finally, there exist at least a few territories that are not fully recognized countries, but are self-declared socialist systems: Freetown Christiania (Denmark territory), Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (Mexico territory), Rojava (Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria) (Syria Territory), Wa State (Myanmar territory), and Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) (Morocco territory). The emergence and development of socialism in Africa came as a result of finding a new rallying point to foster economic growth in Africa. The main aim was to secure commercial and trade links with African societies and protect those links from other European competitors. Thompsell, Angela. Peasants were moved to new co-operative villages under resettlement programs which commenced in 1973. (2020, August 26). It was also imperative for African countries to rapidly industrialize and modernize their infrastructure. Under socialism, the government controls most means of production and natural resources, among other industries, and everyone in the country is entitled to an equitable share according to their contribution to society. By the 1980s, these institutions required states to release state monopolies over production and distribution and privatize industry before they would agree to loans. This is because elements of socialism are compatible with many other forms of government as well, so the presence of even a large number of socialist elements does not mean that socialism is the foundational philosophy of that country's government and/or economy. Egypt is the most populous country in the area, and the fact of the matter is that only Egypt out of all the countries in Africa is considered to be transcontinental. Ina speech in 1967, Kwame Nkrumah argued that the term "African socialism" had become too vague to be useful. Few who were forced to move by the state appreciated it, and some were forced to move at times that meant they had to leave fields already sown with that year's harvest. The country practices a strict version of the Marxism-Leninism socialism. Many were sent to imprison, and some were executed. Moldova was a socialist republic in Soviet Union but after the Soviet collapse . The bureaucracy of these enterprises resulted in appalling levels of corruption. Three main themes were emphasized: African identity, economic development, and class formation and social control. Right after independence Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, and later Ethiopia embraced socialist ideology and embarked on centrally planned socialist development strategy. It brings to the President of the Republic, guarantor of national unity, the support of its organization and the action of its activists. . The most well-known example of African socialism was Julius Nyerere's radical policy of ujamaa, or villagization, in which he encouraged, and later forcedpeople to move to model villages so that they could participate in collective agriculture. African socialism became an important model of economic development for countries such as Ghana, Guinea, Senegal and Tanzania. For example, in the 1960s and 1970s, Cte d'Ivoire was the most economically advanced country in West Africa. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. The partys ideology can be defined as a blend between Chinese communism and Marxism-Leninism. Examples of previous direct communist or socialist party rule in non-socialist multi-party democracies and constitutionally socialist states include: This article is about self-proclaimed socialist states. Other communist countries, such as East Germany, were essentially satellites of the U.S.S.R. that played a significant role during the Cold War but no longer . The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed its "political and economic independence" from the Soviet Union on 25 August 1991. It used to be considerably longer, with countries like Yugoslavia . The continent remains mostly socialist. These are short-lived political entities that emerged during wars, revolutions, or unrest and declared themselves socialist under some interpretation of the term, but which did not survive long enough to create a stable government or achieve international recognition. Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China considered the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to be a proto-communist state, although the kingdom never declared itself socialist, hence it is not included on this list. The goal of democratic socialism is to achieve socialist goals of equality while opposing socialist ideologies. They share a common definition of socialism and they refer to themselves as socialist states on the road to communism with a leading vanguard party structure, hence they are often called communist states. 2. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries Summary of Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries A cartel of oil-producing nations founded at Baghdad in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Countries that have constitutional references to socialism and are thus considered to be socialist states include: Bangladesh (The People's Republic of Bangladesh), Eritrea (State of Eritrea), Guyana (Co-operative Republic of Guyana), India (Republic of India), Nepal (Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal), Nicaragua (Republic of Nicaragua), Portugal (Portuguese Republic), Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka), and Tanzania (United Republic of Tanzania). Between 1950 and the mid-1980s, 35 countries in Africa had adopted socialism in various forms. For the Pan-Africanist George Padmore, African socialism was part of a threefold revolutionary movement encompassing national self-determination, social revolution, and continental unity. People wanted to increase their wealth without creating any new wealth. Communism is a particular form of socialism. Senghor read many of the iconic socialist works but was already proposing an African version of socialism, which would become known as African socialism in the early 1950s. Currency trafficking was punishable by 15 to 20 years in prison. It ensures within it the democratic debate between the various social, cultural, economic and regional components of the national community as well as their equitable representation, their free expression and right of proposal. The Portuguese-speaking Africa, which is very much an overlooked area of African studies in France, was a focus of special attention because all the Portuguese-speaking countries experienced socialist regimes. While no modern-day countries are considered to have a "pure . It would help congregate Tanzania's rural population so that they could benefit from state services like education and healthcare. Once it accepted Frances offer of independence in 1958, it faced the complete withdrawal of the French colonial apparatus and civil service. African governments alone imposed the alien ideology of socialism on their countries, consolidating an enormous economic and political power in the hands of the state. Dr. George Ayittey is a Senior Fellow at the Independence Institute; Founder and President of the Free Africa Foundation; and formerly a Distinguished Economist in Residence at American University. Some African countries in the post-colonial era resisted the socialist temptation; notably countries like Cte d'Ivoire, Kenya, and South Africa. Moldova was a socialist republic in Soviet Union but after the Soviet collapse . Nkrumah first decries the number of African leaders identifying as socialist who seem to not be as knowledgeable in Marxism as they should be. Her contributions to SAGE Publications's. Some of the capitalist countries with successful social policies so admired by "the squad" follow in the ranking with 37% of Americans saying that Sweden is the world's most socialist country . This policy, he felt, would solve many problems at once. Nationalists, who had struggled for years and sometimes decades to escape the domination of the West had no interest, though, in becoming subservient to the U.S.S.R. Chapter 1, Article 9: "The popular will is expressed through the democratically organized State Party. Article XVI, Section General Provisions of the. Everything was done haphazardly to garner mass support. Babu contended that African socialists, like other African leaders, had pursued export-oriented strategies that perpetuated Africas dependency on foreign investment and foreign aid. The USSR had been run on communist ideology, although the State was administered in a purported socialist manner. The rhetoric of socialism was also falling out of favor, and populations pushed for multi-party states. In many cases, while a country may have become more democratic and/or capitalist and removed references to socialism/communism from their constitution, the ruling political party still operates based upon socialist/communist principles: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia, Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mozambique, Namibia, Mepal, Nicaragua, Peru, Portugal, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tanzania, Venezuela, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The main aim was to secure commercial and trade links with African societies and protect those links from other European competitors. Section 1, Article 2: "The socialist system in Yugoslavia is based on relations between people acting as free and equal producers and creators, whose work serves exclusively to satisfy their personal and common needs". Third World. The results of socialism are poverty and tyranny. Once again, the peasants resisted the states external interventions. The Nigerian government purchased a steel-making furnace in 1975 manufactured by the Russians but it was built on a site distant from iron and coal mines such that it was rendered useless. Some of these nations, like the People's Republic of China, were (and still are) global players in their own right. Chapter 1, Article 1: "The State of Kampuchea is a State of the people, workers, peasants, and all other Kampuchean labourers.". Over time the ruling classes were overturned in these countries and revolutionary governments were established that adopted socialist programs to meet the material needs of the masses. Answer (1 of 4): No! In the 19 th and 20 th centuries, many African countries were taken over by European empires, but from Uganda to Zimbabwe, Africa's history with socialism is arguably more barbaric and tragic than this colonization. The Spirit of Africa. African societies place emphasis on the role of the community, and as such, socialism was deemed a natural alignment with this. All crops were to be bought and distributed by the government as it was illegal for peasants to sell their own yield. In socialist economies, governments are charged with redistributing wealth and narrowing the gap between the poor and the rich. . Self-identification is the only criterion used by the list, therefore it includes all countries that have claimed to be socialist, even if their claims are disputed. Karl Marx called religion "the opium of the people,"and more orthodox versions of socialism oppose religion far more than African socialist countries did. While these countries used different models of African Socialism, a common thread of African Socialism emerged. The World Bank was the principal source of statistical data, which pertained to 123 countries and approximately 97 percent of the world's population. "In many countries, the peasant farmers were exploited," Ayittey . Africa's relationships with the USSR, China and Cuba, as well as with and Israel, were also discussed. The. Non-Socialist Governments: Revolutionary Movements. The wave of independence that swept across the continent at that time was supposed to empower the continent with true economic liberation, but this was not to be the case as the leaders dismally failed at executing their noble ideas. As African countries gained independence, anticolonial nationalism could no longer play the unifying and mobilizing role that it had in the early 1950s. For example, many clearly non-socialist countries have instituted "socialized" programs such as universal health care or free college/university tuition. While socialist parties have won many elections around the world and most elections in the Nordic countries, none of those countries have adopted socialism as a state ideology or written the party into the constitution. It is as alien to Africa as it is to the rest of the world. Its best-known proponents included Lopold Senghor and Mamadou Dia of Senegal, Skou Tour of Guinea, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Tom Mboya of Kenya, and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania. Kwame Nkrumah introduced the Seven-Year Development Plan in 1964 which was heavily influenced by socialism. But as time progressed, the inefficiencies and loopholes of socialism in Africa got apparent and it was clear that the intended purposes of the ideology had failed to usher in comprehensive economic success for the continent. Equating capitalism with colonialism, Africas nationalist leaders rejected it and adopted socialism in the 1960s. It was a miserable fiasco in country after country including Angola (under dos Santos), Benin (under Kerekou), Ethiopia (under Mengistu), Ghana (under Nkrumah), Guinea (under Toure), Mali (under Keita), Mozambique (under Chissano), Tanzania (under Nyerere), and Zambia, among others. Preamble: "[] to constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary". Workers and peasants were intended to own and control the means of production. The diverse participants interpreted African socialism to reflect the varied needs of their respective countries. The formerly socialist countries of Europe have experienced a remarkable demographic transformation since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Chapter 1, Article 1: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist State representing the interests of all the Korean people. Korea as a, Although the government's official state ideology now incorporates the, The sovereignty of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is disputed by the. Covid-19 has now spread to all continents. Join us! In as much as the African countries claimed that their socialism was based on the precolonial traditions, the commanding nature of doing this made the implementation of the ideas futile. In 1961, the newspaper The Ghanaian Times published an account from Frunze (today: Bishkek), the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Savage, 1961).Its author, Ghanaian journalist JNK Savage, accompanied Ghana's president Kwame Nkrumah, one of many leaders from newly independent countries in Africa and Asia who accepted Soviet technical assistance. Nonetheless, the country seems to be gradually embracing democratic systems of governance and even has characteristics which define capitalism. The northern half of the Korean peninsula was occupied by the Soviet Union . Similarly, countries that appear to follow at least some socialist principles, but do not openly declare themselves socialist countries are not regarded as socialist. Section 2 Chapter 1 Article 33: "Until the complete recovery of national sovereignty, the Frente POLISARIO (Polisario Front) shall be the political framework that shall unite and mobilise politically the Sahrawis to express their aspirations and legitimate rights to self-determination and independence and to defend their national unity and complete the building of their independent Sahrawi State". Preamble: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to defend national independence, guarantee citizens' fundamental rights, establish the basic principles of democracy, ensure the primacy of a democratic state based on the rule of law and open up a path towards a socialist society, with respect for the will of the Portuguese people and with a view to the construction of a country that is freer, more just and more fraternal.". Surveying former socialist countries, such as Congo-Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Mozambique and Tanzania, and drawing comparisons with postsocialisms in Eastern Europe, this path-breaking . The country embraced socialism in July 1966 and was spearheaded by the countrys longest-ruling leader, Fidel Castro. In 16th . Socialist countries are states that have aligned themselves with socialism. Import and exchange controls became the most profitable activities. ". Therefore, socialist countries are distinct from democratic countries where socialist parties have . Initially, African leaders created new, hybrid versions of socialism, known as African socialism, but by the 1970s, several states turned to the more orthodox notion of socialism, known as scientific socialism. "Socialism in Africa and African Socialism." African variants of socialism also permitted far more freedom of religion. Given China's economic advantagesits GDP is about seven times that of Russia and its 2017 trade with Africa was $56 billion, compared to Russia's meek $3 billion (for context, U.S.-Africa . When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. State control of every aspect of the economy became the new gospel. Chapter XVI General Provisions: "In order to overcome this deterioration and to build Socialism, the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma assumed responsibility as a historical mission, adopted the. As several African countries got their independence in the 1950s and 60s, the rejection of capitalism grew in popularity. Throughout history, there has been a lot of evidence showing that capitalism works and socialism is a failure. [9], The National Front of Liberation is a political party based on Arab socialism.[10]. The state set up a monopoly on foreign trade and smuggling became punishable by death. Sub-Saharan Africa consists of 46 countries and covers an area of 9.4 million square miles. In different ways, after the Second World War, the command economies of "socialist countries" (and many more explicitly capitalist ones) were seen as the only way for radical postcolonial states to advance. Most of these were inefficiently operated and were massively unprofitable. He adopted socialism to the so-called needs of Somalia. https://www.thoughtco.com/socialism-in-africa-and-african-socialism-4031311 (accessed March 1, 2023). Despite the belief that African socialism was rooted in the continents precolonial tradition, the approach was applied to societies that had been markedly transformed by the colonial experience in varied ways, making the implementation of a single doctrine problematic. Certain other countries such as Hungary,[1] Myanmar,[2] and Poland[3] have constitutions that make references to their communist and socialist past by recognizing or condemning it, but without claiming to be socialist in the present. How Socialism Destroyed Africa. The result was utter mismanagement as there was no defined methodology to run these enterprises. When people attempted to challenge these failures, they were met with brute force from the state. Van Maarseveen, Henc; Van Der Tanq, Ger (21 November 1978). Siad Barre was a man who seized power and stayed in power from October 21 1969 to January 26 1991. Korea Korea and the World Trade Organization Korea in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. Abdul Rahman Mohammed Babu, an influential critic of Nyerere, was imprisoned by Nyerere between 1972 and 1978. Common facilities for farming were intended to be availed to everyone capable of producing agricultural yield. The liberal ideals of democracy, which were an offshoot of capitalism were eschewed. But as time progressed, the inefficiencies and loopholes of socialism in Africa got apparent and it was clear that the intended purposes of the ideology had failed to usher in comprehensive economic success for the continent. Socialism lost much of its appeal, and the Soviet Union . He writes columns for African-owned publications including The African Letter, African Continent News, Africa News Weekly, and African Forum. Several other nationalists, like the future President of Guinee,AhmadSkou Tour, were heavily involved in trade unions and demands for workers' rights. Some of the main proponents of the socialist principle in Africa included Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Leopold Senghor of Senegal, Ahmed Sekou Toure of Guinea, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, among others. Number of African socialism emerged republic proclaimed its `` political and economic independence '' from state. 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