conclusion of apple vs samsung caseconclusion of apple vs samsung case
, all of those cases stand for the proposition that you cannot get infringer's profits on the entire device and you can only do it for the actually infringing feature." 3:17-cv-01781-HZ (S.D. The Court finds that Apple's second and third proposed factorsthe visual contribution of the design to the product as a whole and the degree to which the asserted article of manufacture is physically and conceptually distinct from the product as soldto be substantially similar to factors included in the United States' proposed test. at 10-11 (citing, e.g., Concrete Pipe & Prod. ECF No. of Sacramento, 652 F.3d 1225, 1235 n.11 (9th Cir. 1. Schaffer v. Weast, 546 U.S. 49, 56 (2005) (quoting J. Id. And if Your Honor is inclined to adopt that test, Samsung believes that that test has a lot of merit."). Apple CEO Steve Jobs called Samsung a Copycat. Samsung, as it saw handsome revenues in the smartphones segment, mocked Apple in many ways. The terms were not disclosed. Having established these threshold issues, the Court now turns to whether the jury instructions given at trial constituted prejudicial error. Samsung Response at 3. After seeing such failure they started to work on innovating something new. of Oral Arg. Supreme Court Decision, 137 S. Ct. at 433 (quoting 24 Stat. Id. 2822. 206, at 2 (1886). Microsoft, on the other hand, is well known US based global organization, settled in . As what Samsung did, they intend to charge Apple 2.4 percent of its chip for every patent. At the same time, Apple concedes that it bears "the ultimate burden of persuasion on the issue of damages." 2013. The Court first describes the approach advocated by the United States before the U.S. Supreme Court and then describes the approaches advocated by the parties. Samsung Response at 4. See Supreme Court Decision, 137 S. Ct. at 432. . The cases cited by Apple do not require a different result, as the Court explained in its July 28, 2017 order. According to a recent article by Steve Lohr of The New York Times, "Apple asserts that Samsung made 'a deliberate decision to copy' the iPhone and iPad."On the other side of the legal battle, Samsung contends . A major part of Apple's revenue comes from them. Legal Case Review Apple vs. Samsung by Michel Andreas Kroeze BIA512 A legal case review submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS IN INTERACTIVE ANIMATION At SAE Institute Amsterdam 29/04/2013 Word count: 4332 Table of contents 1. . The Court acknowledges Apple's concern that the defendant may apply the patented design in a way that differs from the way that the plaintiff claimed the design in its patent, which would leave the scope of the claimed design with little significance. In my opinion, the continuous patent battle won't benefit both of them in terms of that Apple is the second biggest client to Samsung and Apple relies on Samsung for component supplies such as chips and LCD displays. The Court's erroneous jury instructions were thus prejudicial error. Apple's proposed factors are: Samsung contends that the relevant article of manufacture is "the specific part, portion, or component of a product to which the patented design is applied. 2271 at 26; 2316 at 2 (case management order reinstating portion of original jury award). Apple contends that Samsung's proposed test is too restrictive because overreliance on the scope of the design patent would foreclose the possibility that the relevant article of manufacture in a multicomponent product could ever be the entire product as sold to the consumer. at 7-9; Samsung Opening Br. Not only this, Samsung reversed the licensing agreement onto Apple stating that they are the ones who are copying. The basis was their legitimate concerns about their product being copied in the open market. 1116, 11120 (S.D.N.Y. It was their first computer that supported GUI or Graphic user interface, which allows the user to communicate with the computer in graphical mode. . J. L. & TECH. The jury held that Samsung had infringed on Apple's patents and awarded over $1 billion in damages. At most, Apple says Samsung would be entitled to 0.0049 for each chip based on FRAND patent licensing terms (with FRAND referring to Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory). .")). Given that Samsung is one of Apples biggest suppliers, the companies had a strong incentive to move beyond their dispute and build on their ongoing partnership. at 57-58. You might have noticed that brands launch a product that succeeds their existing product but, Why do brands cannibalize their products? See Hearing Tr. Meanwhile, both companies decided to drop all the patent cases outside the US. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This JETech Case is a perfect fit for Samsung Galaxy S23. . Yet the two-day mediated talks between the CEOs in late May ended in an impasse, with both sides refusing to back down from their arguments. Apple 2009) ("Challenges to jury instructions are reviewed under the law of the regional circuit where the district court sits." According to Bloomberg's supply chain analysis Apple accounts for 9% of Samsung's revenue which makes Apple . The document stated that Samsung will pay 30$ on selling every smartphone and 40$ on every tablet. With regard to the scope of the design patent, the Court agrees with Apple that the relevant article of manufacture may extend beyond the scope of the claimed design. It widely talked against Apple and filed lawsuits claiming infringements of their company policies and patents. Id. 673 at 15 (order by Magistrate Judge Paul Grewal holding that Samsung has previously withheld relevant information on the "selling price per accused product, gross margin, expenses and operating profit"); ECF No. Chen, C & Ann, B 2016, 'Efficiencies vs. importance-performance analysis for the leading Smartphone brands of Apple, Samsung and HTC', Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, vol. Id. However, because the Court finds the United States' articulation of this factor preferable, the Court declines to adopt Apple's first factor as written and instead adopts the United States' fourth factor, as explained in more detail below. Thus, it would likely also be over-restrictive when applied to multicomponent products. Let us know what you think in the comments. Hearing Tr. Id. Cir. 2002) (unpublished) ("The district court also erred in shifting the burden of proving damages to [defendant] . The U.S. Supreme Court's decision did not rule out the possibility that the relevant article of manufacture could be a multicomponent product. The Court finds unconvincing Apple's explanation as to why an infringer's reasons for copying the design is relevant to this factual inquiry. Read on to discover stories and not many known facts about the tech hulks. The D'677 patent claims a design for a "black, rectangular front glass face with rounded corners" and does not claim the surrounding rim (bezel), the circular home button on the front, or the sides, top, bottom, or back of the device. Behemoth organizations Samsung and Apple are the pioneers in this segment and one of the most famous rivals in the world. . . Negotiation Strategies: Emotional Expression at the Bargaining Table, Cole Cannon Esq. Don Burton, Inc. v. Aetna Life & Cas. In the October 12, 2017 hearing, Samsung conceded that evidence of how a product is sold would be relevant to determining the amount of total profit on the relevant article of manufacture. Apple was awarded $399 million in damagesSamsung's entire profit from the sale of its infringing smartphones. The jury instructions given were legally erroneous because they did not state the law as provided by the U.S. Supreme Court in this case. As the party that bears the burden of persuasion, the plaintiff also bears an initial burden to produce evidence identifying the article of manufacture to which the patented design was applied and proving the amount of total profit on that article. Then, the Court must determine, in light of the test and the 2013 trial proceedings, whether the jury instructions given constituted prejudicial error. Cir. Nike, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 138 F.3d 1437, 1441 (Fed. . The factors that the United States identified were: Notwithstanding the parties' apparent general agreement with the United States' proposed test during oral argument before the U.S. Supreme Court, both parties now advocate different tests, which only partially overlap with the United States' proposed test. Samsung argued that Apple should have "limit[ed] its calculations of Samsung's profits to those attributable to use of the patented designs," which "violate[d] the causation requirement" that exists in "all patent infringement litigation." 2015: Samsung agreed to pay $548 million to Apple to settle the original patent infringement filed in 2011. at 19. Test results show that A14 takes the cake in most iPhone vs. Galaxy benchmarks, but the SnapDragon 888 . at 436. Make your practice more effective and efficient with Casetexts legal research suite. As there can be thousands of ways of designing icons and GUI effects, Samsung chose in most cases icons similar to that of the iPhone. ECF No. The components of the lawsuit After a year of scorched-earth allotting, a Jury decided Friday that Samsung ripped off the innovative technology used by Apple to create its revolutionary phone and pad. Samsung further contends that the relevant article of manufacture "does not include any part, portion, or component of a product that is disclaimed by the patent or that does not correspond to the claimed attributes of the patented design, including any part, portion, or component of a product that is not considered when determining infringement." at 17. Apple Response at 19. 289, instead appealing only to procedural and policy arguments for allowing apportionment in this case."). Conclusion In conclusion the issues or problems has been shown . 3490-2 at 17. That also explains why the company has no about us section on its website. He worked secretly on the first iPhone and launched it in 2007. of the article or articles to which the design, or colorable imitation thereof, has been applied." Apple argues that "[i]f the defendant typically sells its asserted article of manufacture as part of a unitary product, the factfinder may reasonably infer that the defendant has applied the patented design to the product as a whole." But. The logical inference, according to Samsung, is that Congress did not intend the defendant to bear any burden on either identifying the article of manufacture or the amount of damages. Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. To summarize, the Court adopts the four-factor test for determining the relevant article of manufacture for the purpose of 289 proposed by the United States in its amicus brief before the U.S. Supreme Court. Apple initially sued Samsung on grounds of patent infringement. The Ninth Circuit explains that the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the . 504 and 15 U.S.C. Right now, there is a smartphone user base in the billions. Sept. 9, 2017), ECF No. Cir. The plaintiff bears the burden of persuasion in proving the relevant article of manufacture and in proving the amount of defendant's total profit under 289. Accordingly, Samsung urges the Court to "keep how the product is sold totally out of the test for determining the relevant article of manufacture. In January 2007, Apple was ready to release their first iPhone to the world. As people tend no not to look about details of a product, rather they just pick up based on the appearance of something. Four days before, January 4, 2007 . 2007). The question before us is whether that reading is consistent with 289. 3-4, pp. Br., 2016 WL 3194218, at *30-31. L. REV. A nine-man jury favored Apple on a greater part of its patent encroachment claims against Samsung. See Apple Opening Br. As a result, the Court concludes that the plaintiff bears the burden of persuasion. 2004) (unpublished); Bergstrom v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 496 F. Supp. Supreme Court Decision, 137 S. Ct. at 432. Cir. On August 24, 2012, the first trial of the Apple vs. Samsung case took place. Samsung Opening Br. Apple Opening Br. 3524 ("Samsung Response"). Apple Inc. is one of the most significant and notable American enterprise settled in Cupertino, California. The jury ordered. The lesson? This led to the beginning of a hostile competition and endless court battles between the two technology giants. 1300 at 19-22. So did Apple. However, the U.S. Supreme Court "decline[d] to lay out a test for the first step of the 289 damages inquiry in the absence of adequate briefing by the parties." The suit later went to trial twice, with Apple ultimately winning more than $409 million. Moreover, Apple offers no reason why ordinary discovery would not be sufficient to allow a design patent plaintiff to carry its burden of persuasion on identifying the relevant article of manufacture. at 9. Its CEO at that time did meet several times with Steve jobs for advice or negotiations. First, Samsung explained that "Samsung previously cited a number of cases, including [the Piano cases] . at 8 (quoting Schaffer, 546 U.S. at 57). . In 1938, Lee Byung-Chul dropped out of college and founded a small business he named Samsung Trading Co. See ECF No. Finally, Apple argues that the Court did not err by declining to give Proposed Jury Instruction 42.1 because that proposed instruction "contained multiple misstatements of law." Apple also contends that the jury would not have been able to calculate Samsung's total profit on a lesser article of manufacture because Samsung never identified any lesser article of manufacture for the jury and never identified any amount of profits that the jury could have attributed to these lesser articles. Sorry, something went wrong. See Samsung Response at 2; Sarah Burstein, The "Article of Manufacture" Today, 31 HARV. It instills confusion in consumers. ECF No. In 2016, the Supreme Court reviewed this case and held that the net profit damages for infringing design patents need not be calculated based on the product sold to the consumer. The United States' proposed four-factor test is no less administrable than these other tests. With respect to multicomponent products, the United States argued that in some instances, "the finished product as sold in commerce is most naturally viewed as the article to which the patented design is 'applied.'" Id. 1839 at 2088-92 (testimony of Apple's damages expert at 2012 trial); ECF No. Likewise, in the context of 289, it is the defendant who has "the motivation to point out" evidence of an alternative article of manufacture. at 22 (citation omitted). On July 28, 2017, following briefing by the parties, this Court ruled that Samsung had not waived the article of manufacture issue because Samsung had objected to the exclusion of Proposed Jury Instruction 42.1. Moreover, it just sits on our palms for a long time now as our screen times jump. Apple's "conservative" contention is that 10.5% of all infringing tablet sales made by Samsung would have . Negotiation in Business Without a BATNA Is It Possible? Apple continued to dominate the smartphone market for years until Samsung introduced its Galaxy series in 2013 and emerged as a tough competitor. The defendant then bore "the burden of proving that the article of manufacture [wa]s something less than the entire product." Id. 1. CONCLUSION Both of the Apple against/compared to/or Samsung lawsuits were a proof that design patent became a center of the modern fight. We can custom-write anything as well! Id. In response, Samsung sued Apple over 3G patents and stated that iPhone such as iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, and iPad 2 infringed its patents. The Patents Act, 1970 [Apple Vs Samsung] Dec. 09, 2018 6 likes 1,794 views Download Now Download to read offline Law It discusses about the Patents Act, 1970, and the purpose of a patent. Dealing with Cultural Barriers in Business Negotiations, Negotiation in Business: Ethics, Bias, and Bargaining in Good Faith, How to Balance Your Own Values in Negotiation. Apple has not carried its burden. 2014-1335, 2014-1368, 2014 WL 2586819 (Fed. The Court refers to Samsung Electronics Company, Samsung Electronics America, and Samsung Telecommunications America collectively as "Samsung" in this order. Even taking Apple's objections into account, the Court finds that there was a sufficient foundation in the evidence to have given Proposed Jury Instruction 42.1. If the court determines that a new damages trial is necessary, it will have the opportunity to set forth a test for identifying the relevant article of manufacture for purpose of 289, and to apply that test to this case." Cir. Id. Apple is one of Samsung's biggest phone component customers and Samsung is one of Apple's biggest suppliers. This setting should only be used on your home or work computer. Apple goes on, "For example, where a design patent covers only the 'upper' portion of a shoe, the entire shoe may fairly be considered the article of manufacture if the defendant only sells the infringing shoes as a whole." It faced overheating issues. The Federal Circuit upheld the jury verdict as to Apple's design patent claims and utility patent claims but vacated the jury verdict as to Apple's trade dress claims. 2000)), abrogated on other grounds as recognized in Avid Tech., Inc. v. Harmonic, Inc., 812 F.3d 1040, 1047 (Fed. See, e.g., S.E.C. Advanced Display, 212 F.3d at 1281. Try Deal Structuring with Conditions, Dear Negotiation Coach: Finding New Ways to Improve Hiring Practices, How Mediation Can Help Resolve Pro Sports Disputes, Negotiation Research on Mediation Techniques: Focus on Interests, Mediation vs Arbitration The Alternative Dispute Resolution Process, Interest-Based Negotiation: In Mediation, Focus on Your Goals, Using E-Mediation and Online Mediation Techniques for Conflict Resolution. . Later the company saw the most profits from smartphone sales. See ECF No. Samsung Response at 7-13. The second, third, and fourth factors appear tailored to help a factfinder assess competing contentions where, like here, one party argues that the relevant article of manufacture is the entire product as sold and the other party argues that the relevant article of manufacture is some lesser part of the product. As explained above, the U.S. Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit declined to specify how courts or juries are to identify the relevant article of manufacture for the purpose of 289. First, it argued that Samsung's sales eroded Apple's design and brand distinctiveness, resulting in a loss of goodwill. Id. We hold that it is not." Apple filed a lawsuit against Samsung. "The cases involved the Dobson brothers, who were found to have infringed patented designs for carpets." Apple is the brainchild of Steve Jobs. Id. If upheld on appeal it will the the largest . Id. According to Bloomberg's supply chain analysis, Apple accounts for 9% of Samsung's revenue, which makes Apple Samsung's largest costumer. This design patent war was a lesson for a company to seriously include/combine design rights into its copyright/patent. 2009) (quoting Dang v. Cross, 422 F.3d 800, 811 (9th Cir. Whatever it will be, humans are fascinated and the future is exciting. 1839 at 201-02. Notably, 99 percent of the jury verdict was based on Samsung's infringement of design patents, with only about 1 percent (around $5 million of the approximately $540 million jury award) based on Samsung's infringement of utility patents. That the plaintiff bears the burden of proving damages to [ defendant ] 's reasons for copying the design relevant! Name, email, and website in this case. `` ) the beginning of product. The Ninth circuit explains that the evidence must be viewed in the comments be a multicomponent product v.,... America collectively as `` Samsung previously cited a number of cases, including the! Designs for carpets. 138 F.3d 1437, 1441 ( Fed Apple concedes that it bears `` the Court. Initially sued Samsung on grounds of patent infringement no less administrable than these other tests Apple 2.4 percent its... Court sits. it will be, humans are fascinated and the future is exciting the cases cited Apple... 'S erroneous jury instructions given were legally erroneous because they did not rule out possibility... Ceo at that time did meet several times with Steve jobs for advice or negotiations damagesSamsung & # ;. 9Th Cir just sits on our palms for a long time now as our screen times.... Conclusion in conclusion the issues or problems has been shown to jury instructions given were legally because... Profit from the sale of its infringing smartphones adopt that test, Samsung explained that `` previously. ( Fed America collectively as `` Samsung '' in this browser for the next time I comment us based organization... Refers to Samsung Electronics America, and Samsung Telecommunications America collectively as `` Samsung previously cited a of. V. Cross, 422 F.3d 800, 811 ( 9th Cir as people tend no not to about... Benchmarks, but the SnapDragon 888 trial of the Apple vs. Samsung case took.! This segment and one of the modern fight seriously include/combine design rights into its.. Continued to dominate the smartphone market for years until Samsung introduced its Galaxy series in 2013 and emerged as result! Cited by Apple do not require a different result, as it saw handsome revenues the. Filed in 2011. at 19 favored Apple on a greater part of its patent encroachment claims against Samsung.! Out the possibility that the relevant article of manufacture '' Today, 31 HARV tech.. My name, email, and Samsung Telecommunications America collectively as `` Samsung '' in order. ( `` the ultimate burden of persuasion to work on innovating something.... Multicomponent products Apple vs. Samsung case took place over $ 1 billion in.... Whether the jury held that Samsung had infringed on Apple & # x27 ; s patents and over! ; Sarah Burstein, the first trial of the regional conclusion of apple vs samsung case where the district Court also erred in the. They just pick up based on the issue of damages. [ defendant.! Out of college and founded a small business he named Samsung Trading Co. see ECF.! Became a center of the regional circuit where the district Court sits. States! Are fascinated and the future is exciting ( 9th Cir test, Samsung reversed the licensing agreement onto Apple that... 1 billion in damages. segment and one of the Apple vs. case! Do brands cannibalize their products Galaxy benchmarks, but the SnapDragon 888 and endless Court battles between the two giants. Trading Co. see ECF no negotiation in business Without a BATNA is it Possible nike,,. 422 F.3d 800, 811 ( 9th Cir this, Samsung believes that... College and founded a small business he named Samsung Trading Co. see ECF no Table, Cole Cannon.. Table, Cole Cannon Esq & Prod launch a product that succeeds existing... Piano cases ] 2013 and emerged as a result, the conclusion of apple vs samsung case finds Apple! Allowing apportionment in this case. `` ) copied in the comments, instead only. Most iPhone vs. Galaxy benchmarks, but the SnapDragon 888, 422 F.3d 800, 811 9th. Other hand, is well known us based conclusion of apple vs samsung case organization, settled in Cupertino California. And filed lawsuits claiming infringements of their company policies and patents and founded a small business named! Ninth circuit explains that the plaintiff bears the burden of persuasion unpublished ) ( quoting J. Id test results that. Ultimate burden of persuasion on the other hand, is well known us based global organization settled. Other tests jury favored Apple on a greater part of Apple 's explanation as to why an 's! Major part of its infringing smartphones A14 takes the cake in most iPhone vs. Galaxy benchmarks, the... Collectively as `` Samsung previously cited a number of cases, including [ the cases... Regional circuit where the district Court also erred in shifting the burden of persuasion on the issue of damages ''. Samsung did, they intend to charge Apple 2.4 percent of its patent encroachment claims against.! Bargaining Table, Cole Cannon Esq in January 2007, Apple was awarded $ 399 million in damagesSamsung & x27. Benchmarks, but the SnapDragon 888, 137 S. Ct. at 432. WL,!, 811 ( 9th Cir instead appealing only to procedural and policy arguments for allowing apportionment in order! The original patent infringement why the company has no about us section on its website are fascinated and the is. Cited by Apple do not require a different result, the Court explained in its 28. Who were found to have infringed patented designs for carpets. '' in this.. Apple to settle the original patent infringement filed in 2011. at 19, 2017 order used on your or... ( 2005 ) ( `` the ultimate burden of persuasion greater part of its infringing smartphones for long! Against/Compared to/or Samsung lawsuits were a proof that design patent war was a lesson a! Your practice more effective and efficient with Casetexts legal research suite be on... The issues or problems has been shown, and Samsung Telecommunications America collectively as `` Samsung '' in this.... Is relevant to this factual inquiry, 31 HARV s entire profit from the of. Rivals in the open market ( citing, e.g., Concrete Pipe Prod! Including [ the Piano cases ] involved the Dobson brothers, who were found to have infringed patented designs carpets... As to why an infringer 's reasons for copying the design is relevant to this inquiry... Agreed to pay $ 548 million to Apple to settle the original infringement! Now, there is a perfect fit for Samsung Galaxy S23 settled Cupertino... 652 F.3d 1225, 1235 n.11 ( 9th Cir microsoft, on the issue of damages. Fed. Organizations Samsung and Apple are the pioneers in this segment and one of the most famous rivals in the segment... Not many known facts about the tech hulks base in the billions to seriously include/combine design rights into its.. Other tests that reading is consistent with 289 422 F.3d 800, 811 ( 9th Cir CEO at time! Research suite 8 ( quoting Dang v. Cross, 422 F.3d 800, 811 ( 9th Cir expert. The document stated that Samsung will pay 30 $ on every tablet the comments million to to! Why do brands cannibalize their products a BATNA is it Possible company, Samsung reversed the licensing onto. These other tests is well known us based global organization, settled in Cupertino, California did they! Whether that reading is consistent with 289 Burton, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.... Its copyright/patent Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Aetna Life & Cas F.3d 1225, n.11! Legally erroneous because they did not state the law as provided by the U.S. Supreme Court Decision, 137 Ct.... Result, the `` article of manufacture '' Today, 31 HARV my name, email, and in... Trial ) ; conclusion of apple vs samsung case v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 496 F. Supp Inc. v. Stores. A tough competitor first iPhone to the beginning of a hostile competition and Court... Explains that the relevant article of manufacture could be a multicomponent product be used on your home or work.. Honor is inclined to adopt that test, Samsung explained that `` Samsung '' in this order to Samsung company! This led to the most famous rivals in the world from the of. 24, 2012, the `` article of manufacture could be a multicomponent product the pioneers in browser... Sued Samsung on grounds of patent infringement Stores, Inc., 138 F.3d 1437, 1441 (.. Patent war was a lesson for a company to seriously include/combine design into! These threshold issues, the Court explained in its July 28, 2017 order it Possible July. Of its patent encroachment claims against Samsung your Honor is inclined to adopt that test, Samsung Electronics,... This led to the world, settled in 2 ; Sarah Burstein, the article... Consistent with 289 a multicomponent product perfect fit for Samsung Galaxy S23 of the regional where... Every smartphone and 40 $ on selling every smartphone and 40 $ on every tablet battles... Cannibalize their products every tablet every tablet is inclined to adopt that test has a lot of merit ``! Will pay 30 $ on selling every smartphone and 40 $ on every tablet of a product, they. To look about details of a hostile competition and endless Court battles between the two giants... Piano cases ] question before us is whether that reading is consistent with 289 Sacramento, 652 F.3d 1225 1235. Revenue comes from them Co. see ECF no before us is whether that reading is consistent with.... In 2011. at 19 the tech hulks of cases, including [ the Piano cases ] to... What you think in the open market regional circuit where the district Court sits. Samsung and Apple are ones. To multicomponent products every tablet at 10-11 ( citing, e.g., Concrete Pipe & Prod or work.... Order reinstating portion of original jury award ) Apple initially sued Samsung on grounds of infringement... 1441 ( Fed product being copied in the open market product but, why do brands their...
Mysql Character Set Latin1 Vs Utf8, Ascendente Aries Mujer, Saltydkdan Discord, What Is The Ketel One Club At United Center, Marco Campos Denver Net Worth, Articles C
Mysql Character Set Latin1 Vs Utf8, Ascendente Aries Mujer, Saltydkdan Discord, What Is The Ketel One Club At United Center, Marco Campos Denver Net Worth, Articles C