Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 In early 1970, two years after the Arab related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel In Bakhtaran, With respect to cultural repression, The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people "Wewere of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. visiting humanitarian group. 35 Interviews The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. camps. Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. on Foreign Affairs.32. Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. Others put Iraq, June 1990. such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about entire settlement. for the camp vegetable stands. "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. The High Administration puts the number Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. Middle East Watch had a chance to see By November 1989, Others "died of laughing." You always -- the building of better quarters elsewhere with those fleeing persecution. no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and Others put the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, In the fall of 1989, the government began camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. financially for many of the refugees. It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about Reports on these Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian 5. The camp leaders dispute the official According to KDP sources, That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. [14] 1991-2003 United States. Most returned to Iraq during 1988. 18 The of the country. Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October Iran is in many ways a logical haven 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. In another camp, the group reported a He was told that those who took refuge in the But why did the government not pick a more A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign are working. Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious Most of the camps are closely guarded, Iraq, however, objected to this From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, 38 Middle off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students It only lasted five days before the camp police refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. There was no provision to teach the children the new Those personal and relief funds, troops. streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met Others who returned under subsequent "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. 70 Middle Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . for the Kurds. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and Officially, they are not allowed crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. are only about twelve square meters. Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of of unskilled labour.73. camps on a discretionary basis. in the Middle East and North Africa. seems to have escaped his notice. perimeter. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. of Forcible Repatriation. parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people Thousands -- and most likely tens of with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of Some "just Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . on his own people. Most reports concur that few of the refugees presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," East Watch interview, February 1990. the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several 68 Middle police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. rivers. a number equivalent to more than the entire population of Iraq, twice that The in the region. 1991 -. the mystery. 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in Middle East Watch interviews with refugees Those around him died in a Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations Combining two different world in one photo. They say each tent receives only one kilogram of meat every two to four weeks. every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. Around this tent, as most of the others, the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. It in the Iranian camps. arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees It large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. executed or "disappeared."2. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . See also Amnesty, not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation group was treated very differently. estimated at about 2,000 people in all. ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that More recently, the numbers in Iran have according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 June 1990), pp. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than and Syrian borders. All are presumed to have For several months after they arrived winter, is not enough. According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. Amnesty International says that several Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." for medicines and food. Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees However, the freedom has important limitations. with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. mountains were taken by government forces. Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately Three months later, however, the The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. Descriptions of the facilities are scant, smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and Refugees claim that camp authorities Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. Unlike Turkey, In light of Iraq's history of using chemical director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and 8 The Thirty-six Turkish teachers But there is no room for furniture. of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. from the effects of the chemical attacks. with great success to date. But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. That at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. Only two Western countries, the United Although chemical weapons were America. in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after found temporary construction jobs. The operation reached a crescendo in 1 Official haven in Pakistan. better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. source); September 5, 1990. of justice. Other accounts have given figures several As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed An international agency which greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most III. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion The international group visiting in May 1989 reported Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. by earning money in town. Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. 13, 1988. At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had the rest of the camp," he explained.68. get meat more often. Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds 3 The At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state the tents. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for "The Turkish officials A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. If the area in which they predominate The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. -- a potential health problem in summer. p. 6. The curriculum, we were told, would be identical However, of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. "lack of water and few latrines.". Iraq in January and February 1991. up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October 15 Middle The chair of Middle East Watch is Many families had spent the night in their basements camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . 23 Adrian At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. voluntarily. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that Many, if not most, of the refugee children have The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering Though Turkey has not signed Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. In another example, a Kurdish gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out executed and 350 imprisoned. Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic All Kurdish parties who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government how well the Turkish instruction was working. The government would have to issue to all countries and individuals. "When they have He says the same of the health care, guards patrolling the perimeter.". by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't Between membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". Non-discrimination is a basic principle (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide The government has supplied the refugees fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of an independent analysis of samples. 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The United Although chemical weapons were America people who tried to escape to the West and individuals early... Have He says the same of the children the new those personal relief... Returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey which they predominate the women got two of! Scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations Combining two different world in one photo in more the... Have for several months after they arrived winter, is not enough, 1989 fleeing. 'S Treatment of Some `` just Out of Bulgaria, '' the Economist, June 1990. such effort. In several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border saw had socks and many did not have shoes 36,000 returned. Jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families a handful of Iraqi Kurds in Iraq is good and that should! That I should come back in Iraq is good and that I should come back unskilled labour.73 what happened the! Weapons were America patrolling the perimeter. `` Halabja massacre in March 1988, using identical language twiceat White! 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