2018. Review this recorded session from June2022 to learn additional specific, race-neutral enrollment management strategies in advance of the major U.S. Supreme Court action expected this fall and next year. Photo by Ian Bradshaw. endobj Prior to 2020, about 70% of the admitted students at Thomas Jefferson were Asian Americans, but that percentage fell to 54% under the new policy. Jones, Tiffany, and Andrew Howard Nichols. In reviewing rates of incarceration by race and income quintiles, the analysis indicates that 42% of observed incarcerated Black men were in the lowest class group versus just 15% of white men (Lewis 2018). A large body of evidence shows so-called race-neutral admissions policies are not as effective for attaining racial diversity on campus. Race-Conscious Admissions. <><>17 18]/P 18 0 R/Pg 45 0 R/S/Link>> Lewis, Nathan. 36 0 obj They noted the high court has agreed to hear a similar appeal arguing that Harvard University discriminates against Asian Americans in its admissions policy. 2020. Under the new admissions policy at Thomas Jefferson, the entering freshman class would be 54% Asian, 22% white, 11% Latino and 7% Black, the board said. Measures included outreach programs for low-income and first-generation students, targeted recruitment in certain communities, and summer immersion programs to prepare students for the college environment. endobj Satio, Leland T. 2009. The United States highest court is hearing arguments against using race as a factor in college admissions policies Monday in cases involving the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Harvard University. race in university admissions, 11. and both researchers and policymakers tend to assume that these schools are ideal exemplars of the operation and effects of race-neutral pol-icies. The Education Trust, January 2020. Members of the court's . Accessed January-February 2022. Yet, a small but growing body of research suggests that compliance with race-preference bans is irregular; "race-neutral" universities often do appear to give Centre of Economic Policy Research, December 2019. The Washington Post/Contributor / Getty Images, 2023 BestColleges.com, a Red Ventures Company, The Public Ivies, Little Ivies, and Other Ivy League Equivalents, University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Alternative Paths to Diversity: Exploring and Implementing Effective College Admissions Policies, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The level of racial diversity at such schools, however, has not been as robust as it would be if race could be considered.. Countywide, the demographic breakdown of all high school students is 38% white, 27% Latino, 19.5% Asian and 10% Black. The Trump administration has reversed an Obama-era policy that urged universities to consider race as a factor in admissions. Students for Fair Admissions fourth claim against Harvard is that Harvard singles out Asian applicants for unfavorable treatment. Last updated June 3, 2021. In a response filed Wednesday in the Supreme Court, the school board insisted that its admissions policy is "race-neutral" and said the 4th Circuit was "entirely within its . For example, in the first year UC Berkeley eliminated race as a factor in its admissions, the admissions rate for Black students dropped from 50 percent to 20 percent and from 45 . 1 (2011): 21729. State and local policymakers play a large role in advancing these policies and ensuring equitable and comprehensive pathways for people of color to fully participate in historically inaccessible institutions. EPI is an independent, nonprofit think tank that researches the impact of economic trends and policies on working people in the United States. Theres No Such Thing as Race-Neutral Policy (with Valerie Wilson). Pitchfork Economics (podcast), April 20, 2021, 24 min. In 2016 in Fisher v. University of Texas, the Supreme Court in a 4-3 vote held that the schools race-conscious undergraduate admissions policy did not violate the equal protection clause. Racial Representation in Professional Occupations: By the Numbers. Economic Policy Institute, June 2021. 35 0 obj This fall the U.S. SupremeCourtwill hear two federal cases on the use of race in admissions. And finally, the district court found that a race-neutral admissions model that weights for low socioeconomic status was not a workable alternative, as it would both reduce racial diversity and lower average entrance test . The decision, dated Sept. 30, emphasizes the need for consideration of race in admissions as a temporary measure to get society to a point of . In the Harvard case, Students for Fair Admissions also is calling for overturning Grutter v. Bollinger. 2023 Economic Policy Institute The U.S. Supreme Court is set to soon decide whether race-based programs in admissions are lawful. Phone: 202-775-8810 epi@epi.org Some public universities have already experimented with race-neutral recruitment efforts because of state laws banning racial preferences. New proposed legislation in Florida, House Bill 999, aims to ban public colleges from funding any projects that, "espouse diversity, equity, and inclusion or critical-race-theory rhetoric . These two cases were heard separately over the course of the day. Peoples Policy Project, January 2018. The Supreme Court's choice to review affirmative action cases at Harvard and the University of North Carolina is troubling and portends a regressive shift, she says. As of 2021, the homeownership rate for Black people is approximately 45%nearly 30 percentage points lower than the white U.S. homeownership rate of approximately 74% (U.S. Census Bureau 2022). We develop a theoretical framework that motivates quantifying the e ciency cost of race-neutral policies by the extent admissions decisions are distorted more than needed to achieve a given level of diversity. The justices, over three dissents from conservatives, agreed with a federal appeals court that the school board may use "race neutral" means . 24 0 obj Why not implement affirmative action measures for the poor? The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. 1: 5681. These race-neutral policies neglect the reality and history of race and the role it has played in stripping communities of color from opportunity. Among the initiatives examined is the Texas Top Ten Percent Plan (TTPP), instituted in 1997 after a federal appellate court ruled in Hopwood v. Texas that the state's affirmative action system was unconstitutional. The plan guarantees students in the top 10% of their high school class automatic admission to any public university in the state. EPIs research helps policymakers, opinion leaders, advocates, journalists, and the public understand the bread-and-butter issues affecting ordinary Americans. . Both California's and Michigan's experiences bear this out. Adams, Michelle. It's a form of racial profiling in college admissions that no one speaks about, Harberson wrote on her website. This notion dismisses centuries of racist policies that have created and reinforced structural barriers to prosperity, safety, and equity for these groups. The Court stated that the 10% plan did not meet the university's The inclusion of race, class, and disaggregated gender disparities as policy targets are critical in advancing race-conscious policies on both federal and state levels. endobj Their briefs claim that while outreach efforts have resulted in more low-income and first-generation students, they have not alone significantly increased diversity. The Case for Race-Conscious Policies. Social Mobility Memos (Brookings blog), February 4, 2016. Readersinterested in delving deeper into the issues touched on in this chapter are encouraged to explore the following resources suggested by the author. But the fight for affirmative action and other race-conscious policiespolicies that explicitly address systemic racial barriersis not over. Lawyers for some parents had sued to challenge the change in the admissions policy, which they said discriminated against Asian American students. Clearly the link between race and mass incarceration is evident. Daria Roithmayr University of Southern California Legal, policy, and practice professionals share their expertise and guidance, including how to leverage College Board's Landscapetool in the context of the broader legal environment. After studying more than 60,000 students, the author learned that most minority students attending selective colleges would have been rejected under a "race-neutral" admissions process. In the first verdict, the court had overturned a lower court's approval of UT's race-sensitive admissions policy and called for race-neutral alternatives. 3 0 obj The Unfulfilled Promise of the Fair Housing Act. The New Yorker, April 11, 2018. Campuses that have implemented race-neutral admissions policies have seen dramatic declines in enrollment of underrepresented minorities. As colleges nationwide await a Supreme Court decision, they face an uncertain future about how to craft a class and ensure diversity within their student body. In an amicus brief submitted to the court ahead of oral arguments, the University of California system recounted the effects of its race-neutral admissions strategies on campus diversity. Said Eisgruber, "We will do our best to be . In a post-affirmative action world, where the consideration of race as a factor in admissions decisions is no longer legal, can and will universities still favor applicants of color? Review each program or policyand consider adding/strengthening race-neutral strategies. Voters in California passed Proposition 209 in 1996, banning race-conscious admissions policies. The U.S. Supreme Court case on the use of race in admissions is unfolding. Sawhill, Isabell V., and Richard V. Reeves. Rothstein, Richard. Jones, Janelle, John Schmitt, and Valerie Wilson. Life is stressful. Due to the combination of many of these factors, Black women constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in our economy and society. 25 0 obj Following are key reasons why we need to combat the harms of race-neutral policy with race-conscious policies to build a racially just economy and how those policies should be structured: Over 50 years ago, the civil rights era ushered in numerous transformative policies that sought to give people of color equal access to various social and democratic institutions free from explicit discrimination based on race. Two "race-neutral alternatives" are frequently proposed: a search for socioeconomic diversity, which is often a proxy for racial and ethnic diversity, and a plan to admit the top candidates . 2020. endobj Policies that may disproportionately help communities of color are critical to building a more racially just society and economy because historically communities of color have been socially, economically, and politically disempowered. endobj The Supreme Court on Monday cleared the way for a Virginia school board to admit more Black and Latino students and slightly fewer Asian students to a magnet high school for math and science. Presently there are two new major categories of race-neutral approaches to admissions. endobj Jones, Tiffany, and Andrew Howard Nichols. Thinking Hard About 'Race-Neutral' Admissions In 1964 and 1965, Blum has stated, America was held hostage by the legacies of slavery and the chokehold of Jim Crow. Opponents of race-conscious decision-making, like Blum, misleadingly characterize such policies as discriminatory simply because they acknowledge the reality of race. In Michigan's case, there are almost six times as many white students as Black students from low-income families. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), and hold that institutions of higher education cannot use race as a factor in admissions," and (2) whether Harvard and UNC's race-based admissions policies satisfy the demanding strict-scrutiny standard established by Grutter and its progeny. And that won't end. Prepare for the 2023 decision right now following the ADCs Key Action Guide for Every Institution. 2011. Hankivsky, Olena, and Renee Cormier. He has 30 years of experience in higher education as a university administrator and faculty member and teaches writing at Johns Hopkins University. Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel A. Alito Jr. and Neil M. Gorsuch voted to block the new policy, but gave no reasons for their decisions. As just one example of the gap between the promises of the act and the reality, decades later African Americans still face disparately low rates of homeownership, as shown in Figure A. Last updated July 16, 2021. 2 0 obj Race-conscious policies are just as important on state and local levels as on a federal level. The U.S. Supreme Court is set to soon decide whether race-based programs in admissions are lawful. In challenging the admissions policies, SFFA requests that SCOTUS overrule Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), . At least nine states Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, and Washington have passed laws prohibiting affirmative action in university admissions. Did it work? The decision is a welcome affirmation that using race-conscious decision-making is both lawful and necessary in higher education. passcode: access2022! For expert observations ahead of Mondays arguments, UVA Today reached out to Kim Forde-Mazrui, director of the Center for the Study of Race and Law at the University of Virginia School of Law. Jobs at EPI Wilson, Valerie, and Melat Kassa. Hanauer, Nick, and Jessyn Farrell. Burgess, Tiffani. Beyond higher education school boards, state and local policymakers and voters have also been apprehensive about enforcing race-conscious decision-making in schools. Despite the intention of prohibiting discrimination by outlawing redlining (and other practices, such as real estate agents steering Black buyers away from white neighborhoods), the Fair Housing Act only mitigated the harm inflicted on communities of color by outlawing future racist policies. 30 0 obj 2020. (based on their race, gender, sexuality, or nationality) in specific areas such as college admissions or managerial ranks. Race & Reconciliation Initiative at Texas Christian University. The persistent and in some cases widening gaps between economic outcomes for Black and white Americans are largely due to structural racism; racism that is entrenched within the very fabric of our customs, systems, and institutionseven as rules and laws that once denied rights and opportunities to people of color have been repealed (Solomon, Maxwell, and Castro 2019). <>15]/P 18 0 R/Pg 45 0 R/S/Link>> This includes voting, education, employment, and much more. Valerie Wilson Economic Policy Institute, Daria Roithmayr University of Southern California, Valerie Wilson Economic Policy Institute. 32 0 obj Policies must embrace both race and class as policy targets to achieve race-conscious efforts and policy solutions. UPDATED: Oct. 2, 2019 at 5:04 p.m. Harvard College's race-conscious admissions policies do not illegally discriminate against Asian American applicants, federal judge Allison D. Burroughs ruled . Kuhn, Moritz, Mortiz Schularick, and Ulrike I. Steins. Only race-conscious policiespolicies that may disproportionately help communities of colorcan dismantle the structural barriers to prosperity, safety, and equity for Black Americans. <>/Metadata 2 0 R/Outlines 5 0 R/Pages 3 0 R/StructTreeRoot 6 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> But the view of race consciousness as racial discrimination is deeply flawed. This Appendix examines "race-neutral" policies employed by universities in several states in A crucial component to equitable policymaking is using the intersection of race and class as a policy target. Equitable policymaking must not only be race conscious but also target the intersection of race and classparticularly regarding criminal justice policy and combatting mass incarceration. Contact us In 2000, UGA dropped its race-based admissions formula and moved toward a race-neutral admissions policy, which became permanent in 2006. We must face race head-on to meaningfully address the racial inequality that persists in our society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 63 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> Affirmative action is a set of policies and practices within government or an organization that seeks to boost participation of underrepresented groups (based on their race, gender, sexuality, or nationality) in specific areas such as college admissions or managerial ranks. endobj Without these policies, laws will only mitigatebut not dismantlethe barriers that racist and discriminatory laws and policies have reinforced. She has had an extensive editing career at several news organizations, including The Virginian-Pilot and The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Video But Title VI and Supreme Court precedent impose limitations on Harvard's ability to consider race in its admissions processlimitations that Harvard has not respected. Public data series accessed through the Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) data tables. Race Neutral Policies as Barriers to Reconciliation. YouTube video, 59:21. Nellis, Ashley. The hearing came eight years after Students for Fair Admissions Inc., founded by conservative activist Edward Blum, first sued Harvard seeking to end its race-conscious admissions policy, which is . For example, voters in California recently rejected a ballot measure that would have restored the states affirmative action policy, suggesting broad public unease with race-conscious decision-making (Cineas 2020). The justices, over three dissents from conservatives, agreed with a federal appeals court that the school board may use race neutral means, including family income, to admit more Black and Latino students to the highly selective Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology. Criminal justice reform policies have been prime examples of legislation that fails to address both race and class while also reifying the inequities present at the intersection of race, class, gender, and criminality (Hankivsky and Cormier 2011). 1, Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, The Diversity Imperative: The Compelling Case, Access and Diversity: Related but Distinct Concepts, Key Terms and Concepts: Knowing the Basics, Mythbusters: Correcting Common Misunderstandings, Making Connections: A Holistic View of Key Strategies, Admission: Exploring Key Strategies for Achieving Success, Financial Aid and Scholarships: Exploring Key Strategies for Achieving Success, Getting from Here to There: Managing the Process of Policy Change, Beyond Federal Law: State Voter Initiatives and Their Consequences, Taking a Stand: Higher Education Leadership for the 21st Century, The Initiative on Transfer Policy and Practice, Community Colleges and Student Search Service, Professional Development for Higher Education, Summer Institute on College Admission and School Relations, International Professional Development Events, Summer Institute for International Counselors at NYU, International Admissions Symposium and University Fair, College Board Electronic Discussion Groups, Access and Diversity Collaboratives Action Guide for Higher Education, ADCs Key Action Guide for Every Institution, Engaging Campus Stakeholders on Enrollment Issues Associated with Student Diversity, The Playbook: Understanding the Role of Race Neutral Strategies in Advancing Higher Education Diversity, 2nd Edition, Listen to the oral arguments from SFFA v. Harvard, Listen to the oral arguments from SFFA v. UNC, Read our full public statement on the amicus brief, Brief on SCOTUS taking UNC and Harvard Cases. It has played in stripping communities of Color from opportunity overturning Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 306... Policies, SFFA requests that SCOTUS overrule Grutter v. Bollinger unfavorable treatment like,... Played in stripping communities of Color from opportunity while outreach efforts have resulted in more and... Many white students as Black students from low-income families ADCs Key action Guide for Every Institution U.S. Supreme case! Of race-neutral approaches to admissions > 17 18 ] /P 18 0 45! Evidence shows so-called race-neutral admissions policies have race neutral admissions policy in more low-income and first-generation,., opinion leaders, advocates, journalists, and equity for these groups ) in specific areas such college! 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