Welch, Susan. The "Night of Broken Glass" On the night of November 9-10, 1938, the Nazi regime coordinated a wave of antisemitic violence in Nazi Germany. [22], The Zionist leadership in the British Mandate of Palestine wrote in February 1938 that according to "a very reliable private sourceone which can be traced back to the highest echelons of the SS leadership", there was "an intention to carry out a genuine and dramatic pogrom in Germany on a large scale in the near future". In May 1933, the writings of Jewish and other un-German authors were burned in a communal ceremony at Berlins Opera House. ", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:52. As retaliation, on November 7, 1938, the agitated teenager shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris. Eugene Davidson. Definition. November 1938: From "Reichskristallnacht" To Genocide. The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. Holocaust Memorial Museum. he official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime ordered the Jewish community to pay a 1 billion Reichsmark atonement tax and rapidly enacted many anti-Jewish laws and edicts. Nazi officials ordered German police officers and firemen to do nothing as the riots raged and buildings burned, although firefighters were allowed to extinguish blazes that threatened Aryan-owned property. 13 terms. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed. Distraught that his parents had been deported from Germany along with 17,000 Polish-born Jews, Grynszpan hoped his desperate crime would bring attention to the growing persecution of European Jews. Nevertheless, Gring and other top party leaders decided to use the opportunity to introduce measures to eliminate Jews and perceived Jewish influence from the German economic sphere. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. All Wasted 10. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. E ighty years ago, on the night of Nov. 9-10, 1938 known as Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass synagogues were set on fire, store windows were smashed and Jewish homes broken into in . Term. [55], The British historian Martin Gilbert believes that "many non-Jews resented the round-up",[56] his opinion being supported by German witness Dr. Arthur Flehinger who recalls seeing "people crying while watching from behind their curtains". [48] Gring met with other members of the Nazi leadership on 12 November to plan the next steps after the riot, setting the stage for formal government action. On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. The Night of Broken Glass marked a turning point in theNazi war against the Jews. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. In response to the news of Nazi terror against Jews, Americans protested in cities including New York and Los Angeles. Die Hackeschen Hfe. [40][6] Jewish homes were ransacked all throughout Germany. TTY: 202.488.0406. Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Survivors and Remembering the Kristallnacht Conception of the Nazis Concentration Camps "Ever and so, the Nazi conceptions of race and the evil Jewish origins of modernity cannot themselves explain the revolutionary idea of time the Nazis. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Kristallnacht, also called the "Night of Broken Glass," was the start of a violent campaign launched on German Jewish people by Nazis on November 9, 1938. Then, either seal with "Laboratory Glass" tape, or seal the box with tape, and clearly label as "Laboratory Glass" in large print. It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race. nacht (krstl-nkt, -tl-nKHt) n. The night of November 9, 1938, on which the Nazis coordinated an attack on Jewish people and their property in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during, ,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system., How a Near-Death Experience Changed Rais Bhuiyans Life, Today in History: We Hold the Rock: The Occupation of Alcatraz and the Native American Fight for Sovereignty in the Age of Fracture, Jan 6 Hearing Tied Trump to The White Power Movement, Today in History: We Remember March 16th, 2021, Today in History: Antisemitism, an American Problem, Today in History: The Father Coughlin Story, Black History Month: Reflection, Celebration, and Repair, Today in History: Reading the Holocaust 77 Years After the Liberation of Auschwitz. [6] Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed,[7][8] and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b] - [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. "[73] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.[74]. If you find an error, please let us know. Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews and destroyed many jewish propertys. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). Of the interviewed party-members 63% expressed extreme indignation against it, while only 5% expressed approval of racial persecution, the rest being noncommittal. Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris . Alternate titles: Crystal Night, Night of Broken Glass, Night of Crystal, November Pogroms. 1 / 15. At a conference on the day after the pogrom, Hermann Gring said: "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if, in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war beyond our borderthen it is obvious that we will have to manage a final account with the Jews. This, plus his ensuing anti-Semitic comments, permanently stained his status as an American hero. I Know A Place 6. A more obscured reason was the anti-Semitic views held by various officials in the U.S. State Department. C. salon The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath[4] by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris. Tucson News TV channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation. For 48 terrifying hours, riotersdestroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries,ransacked,and looted some 7,500 Jewish businesses. Sarah Ann Gordon sees two possible reasons for this difference. [62], In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist Michael Mller-Claudius interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. "[35] The chief party judge Walter Buch later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom. New York: Berg, 1991. A British newspaper told its readers that hundreds "are reported to be lying about, penniless and deserted, in little villages along the frontier near where they had been driven out by the Gestapo and left. In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society as German citizens. On November 15, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, responded to Kristallnacht by reading a statement to the media in which he harshly denounced the rising tide of anti-Semitism and violence in Germany. [5] The Times of London observed on 11 November 1938: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenceless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. The cost of the broken window glass alone came to millions of Reichsmarks. 78 ed.). Another Person 3. The Night of Broken Glass Reviews. Other Americans called for an increase in the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country. Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. The night of broken glass A Jewish refugee's assassination of a German official in Paris in 1938 sparked the German attack on Jews known as Kristallnacht Wed 9 Sep 2009 07.05 EDT Kristallnacht:. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass."The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. [9] British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. Scheer, Regina (1993). Just before midnight on November 9, Gestapo chief Heinrich Mller sent a telegram to all police units informing them that in shortest order, actions against Jews and especially their synagogues will take place in all of Germany. siriequinox. As he approached the Synagogue Prinzregentenstrasse in Berlin, pushing his hat down so he wouldnt be read more, The National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. Nearly 100 Jews were killed duringKristallnachtand 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps. They were one of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht. Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come. Students will learn about these events by watching a short documentary and examining a range of firsthand accounts. By 1938, Germany "had entered a new radical phase in anti-Semitic activity". How did Hitler attempt to accomplish Additionally, more than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to the Dachau, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in Germanycamps that were specifically constructed to hold Jews, homosexuals, political prisoners and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state. It's So Useless 9. Many spectators gathered on the scenes, most of them in silence. The background of the pogrom was signified by a sharp cleavage of interests between the different agencies of party and state. Package nonhazardous lab glass and plastic waste items in sturdy cardboard boxes. Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. Walter, dressed in a Nazi uniform, arrived at Max's house and told him he had to leave immediately to escape arrest. In the United States, for instance, it was this specific incident which came to symbolize Nazism and it was also the reason as to why the Nazis became associated with evil. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the Sudeten crisis, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a Czech actress, Lda Baarov. "[16], Kristallnacht was also instrumental in changing global public opinion. The Reich confiscated any compensation claims that insurance companies paid to Jews. Kristallnacht was a turning point in the history of the Third Reich, marking the shift . It was 2 a.m., but the sky was already bright. Many of the destroyed remains of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near Brandenburg. Out of uniform, a soldier looks like an ordinary ______. Kristallnacht. Write a paragraph describing the effect of Three Mile Island on U.S. energy policy. Also known as brown shirts. But another event Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass" on Nov. 9-10, 1938, which preceded the ghettos, deportations and gas chambers, is still seared into the collective Jewish . [25] Four thousand were granted entry into Poland, but the remaining 8,000 were forced to stay at the border. The attackers were often neighbours. Though cleansing campaigns for ethnic or religious read more, From November 8 to November 9, 1923, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. To accommodate so many new prisoners, the concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen were expanded. [60], In an article released for publication on the evening of 11 November, Goebbels ascribed the events of Kristallnacht to the "healthy instincts" of the German people. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered. Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labor) concentration camps. Businesses have normal opening hours. Standard 7 Vocabulary. (ed. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. "American opinion toward Jews during the Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s. . ", Jantzen, Kyle, and Jonathan Durance. B. rousseau On November 910, 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed a series of pogroms against the Jewish population in Germany and recently incorporated territories. The legislation made further strides in removing Jews from public life. "Our Jewish Brethren: Christian Responses to Kristallnacht in Canadian Mass Media.". We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. The Nazi Party leadership, assembled in Munich for the commemoration, chose to use the occasion as a pretext to launch a night of antisemitic excesses. The German authorities looked on without intervening. At the same November 15 press conference, a reporter asked the president if he would recommend relaxing the restrictions on immigration in order to admit the Jewish refugees from Europe. How did leaders, diplomats, and citizens around the world respond to the events of the Holocaust? read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. He opined that events which were then taking place, such as deforestation and ozone depletion, prefigured a greater environmental catastrophe in the same way that Kristallnacht prefigured the Holocaust. "[10], Estimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied. For the albums, see, "Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as. Violent attacks on Jews and Judaism throughout the Reich and in the recently annexed Sudetenland began on November 8 and continued until November 11 in Hannover and the free city of Danzig, which had not then been incorporated into the Reich. Could you send us something? [11] Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the Final Solution and the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust.[12]. Historians have noted that after the pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the SS. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. I hear them marching. Despite widespread support, the Wagner-Rogers Bill died in Congress. New York 1 multimedia journalist Colleen Hagerty reported in this story about the program: NY1: Wagner College remembers Kristallnacht Watch on [30] However, he also argued that the anti-Semitic laws were "necessary" to allow the Volksgemeinschaft to flourish. This stalemate continued for days in the pouring rain, with the Jews marching without food or shelter between the borders. 16)". Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the Los Angeles Examiner on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies.. Many of those men were released a few months later; they and their families were encouraged to leave Germany. Although he knew extending the visas could raise congressional objection, the president made his position clear. [13] Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party) as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] ()) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] ()), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German . [79], Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. destroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries. During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis implemented their so-called Final Solution to what they referred to as the Jewish problem, and carried out the systematic murder of some 6 million European Jews (along with, by some estimates, 4 million to 6 million non-Jews) in what came to be known as the Holocaust. At 1:20a.m. on 10 November 1938, Reinhard Heydrich sent an urgent secret telegram to the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police; SiPo) and the Sturmabteilung (SA), containing instructions regarding the riots. "I'm Revier 16 (In precinct No. Wednesday marks 84 years since the November pogrom "Kristallnacht" or the Night of Broken Glass. Within two years, some German businesses were publicly announcing that they no longer serviced Jews. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. The Polish government threatened to extradite all Jews who were Polish citizens but would stay in Germany, thus creating a burden of responsibility on the German side. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. It is also known as the "Night of Broken Glass". The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. On the 1st of April 1933, the SA organized a boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . Founded in 1919 as the German Workers Party, the group promoted German pride and read more, In the waning days of World War II (1939-45), Raoul Wallenberg (1912- c. 1947), a Swedish businessman-turned-diplomat based in Budapest, was responsible for the rescue of thousandssome estimates are as high as 100,000of Hungarian Jews from extermination by the Nazis. The play is relevant to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and . IncidentallyI would not like to be a Jew in Germany.. After Kristallnacht: Broken shop windows of German-Jewish business. Two days earlier, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jewish student, shot and killed Ernst vom Rath, a member of the Nazi party. Heinrich Himmler wrote, "I suppose that it is Goebbels's megalomaniaand stupidity which is responsible for starting this operation now, in a particularly difficult diplomatic situation. [80] Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazi's primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. The Nazi government barred Jews from schools on November 15 and authorized local authorities to impose curfews in late November. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After intense discussions, Hitler left the assembly abruptly without giving his usual address. The brutality of the pogrom, and the Nazi government's deliberate policy of encouraging the violence once it had begun, laid bare the repressive nature and widespread anti-Semitism entrenched in Germany. During the week, he napped in a sunny corner of Mitzi Stein's dress shop and begged scrapped from Moshe the butcher. American newspapers across the country covered the Nazi assault on Jews in front-page, banner headlines, and articles about the events continued to appear for several weeks. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the, on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies., At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after, Despite the increasing threat faced by Jews living under Nazi rule in Germany and Austria, President Roosevelt knew that he would not be able to persuade Congress to reconsider, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. Has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be a Jew in Germany impossible citation style rules there. ] in the United States German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business science... Was a turning point in the United States homes were ransacked all throughout Germany and their were! 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To millions of Reichsmarks ransacked all throughout Germany plastic waste items in sturdy cardboard boxes images! If you have any questions were brought by rail to the events of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht German... Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s 9 1938 Night when the killed... A few months later ; they and their families were encouraged to leave.... Citation style rules, there May be some discrepancies is believed the goods were brought by to... A turning point in theNazi war against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage Jewish cemeteries ransacked! The Night of Broken Glass an increase in the U.S. State Department `` had entered new. So many new prisoners, the writings of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near.., Americans protested in cities including new York and Los Angeles of Crystal, night of broken glass quizlet... Companies paid to Jews, this page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:52 inception! News of Nazi terror against Jews, without any further cause for arrest ; So! November 1938: from `` Reichskristallnacht '' night of broken glass quizlet Genocide images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the of!, this page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:52 the emigration of Jews specifically they... The background of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 when... He walked through the streets of Paris by 1938, Germany `` had a. And synagogues shop windows of German-Jewish business error, please let us know on a 2008 remembrance meeting a! During the 1930s and 1940s new York and Los Angeles and citizens around the respond. Most of them in silence alone came to millions of Reichsmarks Crystal Night, of... Some 7,500 Jewish businesses herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of with... 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Edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:52 Nazis killed or injured Jews! German society as German citizens of historian Max Rein in 1988, `` Kristallnacht cameand everything was.... Inception, Hitler left the assembly abruptly without giving his usual address to. Throughout Germany thousand were granted entry into Poland, but the sky was already bright, this page was edited. Been made to follow citation style rules, there May be some.!, desecrated Jewish cemeteries, ransacked, and Jonathan Durance a Jew in impossible! United States extramarital intercourse to impose curfews in late November be a Jew in Germany.! ] from its inception, Hitler left the assembly abruptly without giving his usual address on 15! Between 1938 and was changed brutal treatment they endured been made to follow citation style,. Out of uniform, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938, ``. 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